Iron Deficiency Without Anemia and Reduced Basal Ganglia Iron Content in Youths.

Importance: Although brain iron is necessary for neurogenesis, myelination, and neurotransmitter synthesis, iron deficiency (ID) is defined solely based on hematological outcomes.

Objective: To examine the association of ID without anemia with basal ganglia (BG) iron content and its structural and functional sequelae in adolescents.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study enrolled participants using the electronic medical record system from a large network of pediatrics clinics between December 2020 and April 2024.

Distributional dual-process model predicts strategic shifts in decision-making under uncertainty.

In an uncertain world, human decision-making often involves adaptively leveraging different strategies to maximize gains. These strategic shifts, however, are overlooked by many traditional reinforcement learning models. Here, we incorporate parallel evaluation systems into distribution-based modeling and propose an entropy-weighted dual-process model that leverages Dirichlet and multivariate Gaussian distributions to represent frequency and value-based decision-making strategies, respectively.

Data and alternative models describing the associations among non-infection pandemic stress, event-related rumination, depression, and anxiety.

Here we present cross-sectional data collected from 1507 participants through the Qualtrics online survey platform. Participants were recruited from Reddit, Facebook, and the Queen's University undergraduate participant pool, and were instructed to complete a pandemic stress survey, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) [1], the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [2], a modified version of Event-Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI) [3], and a demographics questionnaire. For the 1069 participants who were not exposed to COVID-19 infection, we calculated the sum of each scale/subscale and performed a multiple mediation analysis using MPlus.

The impact of non-infection pandemic stress on depression and anxiety severity: Investigating mediation by intrusive and deliberate rumination.

Background: Social restrictions to curb COVID-19's spread have had adverse effects on population mental health. Rumination is one mechanism through which pandemic stress (PS) might translate into psychopathology. In particular, intrusive rumination (IR) is believed to be problematic.