Candida albicans colonization in the human colon correlates with a reduction in acetate- and butyrate-producing bacteria, as simulated using the M-SHIME® model.

Candida albicans is a common gut commensal, typically restricted by the resident microbiota. However, microbiome disruption can enable its outgrowth, increasing the risk of life-threatening candidiasis. Restoring key protective microbes offer a therapeutic strategy, though their identification remains challenging.

Effects of cRG-I Prebiotic Treatment on Gut Microbiota Composition and Metabolic Activity in Dogs In Vitro.

Low-dose carrot rhamnogalacturonan-I (cRG-I) has shown consistent modulatory effects on the gut microbiota and immune function in humans. In this study we investigated its effects on the microbial composition and metabolite production of the gut microbiota of small (5-10 kg), medium-sized (10-27 kg), and large (27-45 kg) dogs, using inulin and xanthan as comparators. Fecal samples from six dogs of each size group were evaluated.

Origin-dependent metabolic variations: How Atractylodes macrocephalae Rhizoma extract's chemical diversity leads to stage-specific changes in simulated digestion.

Atractylodes macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR), a traditional Chinese medicine, is extensively utilized in clinical practice for its pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and gastrointestinal regulatory effects. Nonetheless, the intricate nature of traditional Chinese medicine extracts has resulted in few studies into the effects of compositional variations in Atractylodes macrocephalae Rhizoma extracts (AMRE) from diverse sources on gastrointestinal metabolic processes. This study developed an integrated in vitro and in vivo compound analysis strategy utilizing Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS) and the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) to examine the metabolic alterations caused by variations in the chemical constituents of AMRE from diverse sources.

Structural and functional characterization of a porcine intestinal microbial ecosystem developed in vitro.

The mammalian digestive tract harbors a vast microbial community that has the potential to modulate numerous health-related processes. Multicompartment dynamic gut models have been developed to study microbial communities in a controlled environment. To verify the assumption that the experimental results produced in vitro in a mechanical device would be highly similar to those obtained from an in vivo study, in this study fecal samples from four pigs were inoculated in a simulator of the porcine intestinal microbial ecosystem (SPIME) and cultured until reaching steady state.

Fucoidan Enhances Gut Microbiome, Butyrate Production, and Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an In Vitro Short-Term SHIME Coupled to a Caco-2/THP-1 Co-Culture Model.

Fucoidans have demonstrated a wide range of bioactivities including immune modulation and benefits in gut health. To gain a deeper understanding on the effects of fucoidan from (UPF) on the colonic microbiome, the short-term Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem, a validated in vitro gut model, was applied. Following a three-week intervention period on adult faecal samples from three healthy donors, microbial community activity of the colonic microbiota was assessed by quantifying short-chain fatty acids while composition was analysed utilising 16S-targeted Illumina sequencing.

Digestive parameters and gut microbiota load and composition along the in vivo piglet gastrointestinal tract.

The increased attention toward the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease for both animals and humans has fueled the demand for more relevant and accurate research models. In this study, we present an overview of biochemical and microbial parameters measured throughout the digestive tract of ten TopigsNorsvin × German Piétrain piglets to better understand the in vivo dynamics of digestive and fermentative processes in different gastrointestinal segments, as pigs are suggested to be a representative animal model for the human gastrointestinal tract. Our key findings include region-specific and significantly differing (P < 0.

In vitro fermentation of yeast cell walls (mannan-oligosaccharide) and purified β-glucans modulates the colonic microbiota of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and demonstrates protective effects on barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory properties.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a disruption of intestinal homeostasis, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. Prebiotic supplementation may be useful for managing IBD in dogs. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of two prebiotics, Biolex MB40 or Leiber Beta-S, on the gut microbiota isolated from three dogs with IBD, using the Colon-on-a-plate technology.

Effects of NatureKnit™, a Blend of Fruit and Vegetable Fibers Rich in Naturally Occurring Bound Polyphenols, on the Metabolic Activity and Community Composition of the Human Gut Microbiome Using the M-SHIME Gastrointestinal Model.

This study evaluated the impact of a proprietary blend of fruit and vegetable fibers rich in naturally occurring bound polyphenols (commercially marketed as NatureKnit), compared to purified fibers (inulin and psyllium), on the human gut microbiome using the validated M-SHIME gastrointestinal model. A short-term single-stage colonic M-SHIME experiment (with fecal inoculum from three healthy human donors) was used to evaluate the test products compared to a negative control. Samples were assessed for pH, gas pressure, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, lactate, and ammonium from 0 h to 48 h.

A specific blend of prebiotics and postbiotics improved the gut microbiome of dogs with soft stools in the in vitro Simulator of the Canine Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem.

The Simulator of the Canine Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SCIME) allows for the study of the long-term effects of food, supplements, or ingredients on the canine gut microbiome in a simulated proximal and distal colon. This model has been used to evaluate the impact of repeated administration of a test product blend composed of a mixture of baobab fruit pulp, acacia gum, heat-killed Lactobacillus helveticus HA-122, and specific fractions of selected inactivated yeast strains (including Saccharomyces cerevisiae AQP 12260 and AQP 12988 and Cyberlindnera jadinii AQP 12549), on the activity and composition of the gut microbiome of canine donors with soft stools. The SCIME colonic reactors were inoculated with fecal material from 3 different canine donors.

Effects of senotherapeutics on gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease: A pilot study.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, and is usually accompanied by dysbiosis in the gut microbiome, a factor that contributes to disease progression. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) because of gut microbiome dysbiosis-one of the hallmark features of IBD-promotes chronic inflammation and facilitates the transformation of normal cells into senescent cells. Cellular senescence is associated with the development of various chronic and age-related diseases.

Capilliposide A alleviates DSS-induced colitis by regulating the intestinal flora and its metabolites of origin.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disease that impacts the mucous membrane of the colon. Lately, the incidence and prevalence of UC has been increasing globally. However, there are significant side effects of existing drugs for UC intervention.

In Vitro Human Gastrointestinal Digestibility and Colonic Fermentation of Wheat Sourdough and Yeast Breads.

Bread can vary in textural and nutritional attributes based on differences in the bread making process (e.g., flour type, fermentation agent, fermentation time).

Survival of Probiotic Bacterial Cells in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract and the Effect of the Surviving Population on the Colonic Microbial Community Activity and Composition.

Many health-promoting effects have been attributed to the intake of probiotic cells. However, it is important that probiotic cells arrive at the site of their activity in a viable state in order to exert their beneficial effects. Careful selection of the appropriate probiotic formulation is therefore required as mainly the type of probiotic species/strain and the administration strategy may affect survival of the probiotic cells during the upper gastrointestinal (GIT) passage.

Candida species-specific colonization in the healthy and impaired human gastrointestinal tract as simulated using the Mucosal Ileum-SHIME® model.

Candida species primarily exist as harmless commensals in the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. However, they can also cause life-threatening infections, which are often associated with gut microbial dysbiosis. Identifying the microbial actors that restrict Candida to commensalism remains a significant challenge.

Combined Supplementation of Inulin and Lactospore Demonstrates Synbiotic Potential in the Mucosal Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (M-SHIME) Model.

Prebiotic and probiotic combinations may lead to a synbiotic effect, demonstrating superior health benefits over either component alone. Using the Mucosal Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (M-SHIME) model, the effects of repeated supplementation with inulin (prebiotic, which is expected to provide a source of nutrition for the live microorganisms in the gut to potentially support optimal digestive health), lactospore (probiotic), and a low and high dose of a synbiotic combination of the two on the gut microbial community activity and composition were evaluated. Test product supplementation increased the health-promoting short-chain fatty acids acetate and butyrate compared with levels recorded during the control period, demonstrating a stimulation of saccharolytic fermentation.

AG1, a Novel Synbiotic, Maintains Gut Barrier Function following Inflammatory Challenge in a Caco-2/THP1-Blue™ Co-Culture Model.

Nutritional interventions to reduce gastrointestinal (GI) permeability are of significant interest to physically active adults and those experiencing chronic health conditions. This in vitro study was designed to assess the impact of AG1, a novel synbiotic, on GI permeability following an inflammatory challenge. Interventions [AG1 (vitamins/minerals, pre-/probiotics, and phytonutrients) and control (control medium)] were fed separately into a human GI tract model (stomach, small intestine, and colon).

Co-Supplementation of Baobab Fiber and Arabic Gum Synergistically Modulates the In Vitro Human Gut Microbiome Revealing Complementary and Promising Prebiotic Properties.

Arabic gum, a high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide, is a promising prebiotic candidate as its fermentation occurs more distally in the colon, which is the region where most chronic colonic diseases originate. Baobab fiber could be complementary due to its relatively simple structure, facilitating breakdown in the proximal colon. Therefore, the current study aimed to gain insight into how the human gut microbiota was affected in response to long-term baobab fiber and Arabic gum supplementation when tested individually or as a combination of both, allowing the identification of potential complementary and/or synergetic effects.

The colon targeting efficacies of mesalazine medications and their impacts on the gut microbiome.

Successful treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) is highly dependent on several parameters, including dosing regimen and the ability to deliver drugs to the disease site. In this study two strategies for delivering mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) to the colon were compared in an advanced in vitro model of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the SHIME® system. Herein, a prodrug strategy employing bacteria-mediated drug release (sulfasalazine, Azulfidine®) was evaluated alongside a formulation strategy that utilised pH and bacteria-mediated release (5-ASA, Octasa® 1600 mg).

Poly(D,l-lactide-co-glycolide) particles are metabolised by the gut microbiome and elevate short chain fatty acids.

The production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by the colonic microbiome has numerous benefits for human health, including maintenance of epithelial barrier function, suppression of colitis, and protection against carcinogenesis. Despite the therapeutic potential, there is currently no optimal approach for elevating the colonic microbiome's synthesis of SCFAs. In this study, poly(D,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was investigated for this application, as it was hypothesised that the colonic microbiota would metabolise PLGA to its lactate monomers, which would promote the resident microbiota's synthesis of SCFAs.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived postbiotic alters gut microbiome metabolism in the human distal colon resulting in immunomodulatory potential .

The yeast-based postbiotic EpiCor is a well-studied formulation, consisting of a complex mixture of bioactive molecules. In clinical studies, EpiCor postbiotic has been shown to reduce intestinal symptoms in a constipated population and support mucosal defense in healthy subjects. Anti-inflammatory potential and butyrogenic properties have been reported , suggesting a possible link between EpiCor's gut modulatory activity and immunomodulation.

AG1 Induces a Favorable Impact on Gut Microbial Structure and Functionality in the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem Model.

Modulation of the human gut microbiome has become an area of interest in the nutraceutical space. We explored the effect of the novel foundational nutrition supplement AG1 on the composition of human microbiota in an in vitro experimental design. Employing the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) model, AG1 underwent digestion, absorption, and subsequent colonic microenvironment simulation under physiologically relevant conditions in healthy human fecal inocula.

Ex Vivo Colonic Fermentation of NUTRIOSE Exerts Immuno-Modulatory Properties and Strong Anti-Inflammatory Effects.

NUTRIOSE (Roquette, Lestrem, France) is a resistant dextrin with well-established prebiotic effects. This study evaluated the indirect effects of pre-digested NUTRIOSE on host immune response and gut barrier integrity. Fecal samples from eight healthy donors were inoculated in a Colon-on-a-plate system (ProDigest, Ghent, Belgium) with or without NUTRIOSE supplementation.

Amino Acid Digestibility of Different Formulations of Torula Yeast in an In Vitro Porcine Gastrointestinal Digestion Model and Their Protective Effects on Barrier Function and Inflammation in a Caco-2/THP1Co-Culture Model.

Single-cell protein from torula yeast () grown on lignocellulosic biomass has been proven to be an excellent alternative protein source for animal feed. This study aimed to evaluate the amino acid (AA) digestibility by estimating intestinal absorption from three yeast-based ingredients, produced by cultivating on hydrolysate, using either mixed woody species (drum- (WDI) or spray-dried (WSI)) or corn dextrose (drum-dried (DDI)) as the carbon source. Further, the protective effect of intestinal digests on activated THP1-Blue™-induced epithelial damage and cytokine profile was evaluated.

The Intricate Connection between Bacterial α-Diversity and Fungal Engraftment in the Human Gut of Healthy and Impaired Individuals as Studied Using the In Vitro SHIME Model.

From the estimated 2.2 to 3.8 million fungal species existing on Earth, only a minor fraction actively colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract.

The Dynamic Intestinal Absorption Model (Diamod®), an tool to study the interconnected kinetics of gastrointestinal solubility, supersaturation, precipitation, and intestinal permeation processes of oral drugs.

This study aimed at developing the Diamod® as a dynamic gastrointestinal transfer model with physically interconnected permeation. The Diamod® was validated by studying the impact of the intraluminal dilution of a cyclodextrin-based itraconazole solution and the negative food effect for indinavir sulfate for which clinical data are available demonstrating that the systemic exposure was strongly mediated by interconnected solubility, precipitation, and permeation processes. The Diamod® accurately simulated the impact of water intake on the gastrointestinal behavior of a Sporanox® solution.