A 41,500 year-old decorated ivory pendant from Stajnia Cave (Poland).

Evidence of mobiliary art and body augmentation are associated with the cultural innovations introduced by Homo sapiens at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. Here, we report the discovery of the oldest known human-modified punctate ornament, a decorated ivory pendant from the Paleolithic layers at Stajnia Cave in Poland. We describe the features of this unique piece, as well as the stratigraphic context and the details of its chronometric dating.

The bone microstructure from anterior cruciate ligament footprints is similar after ligament reconstruction and does not affect long-term outcomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the bone tissue microstructure from the footprints of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and its impact on late follow-up outcomes in patients who undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).

Methods: The records of 26 patients diagnosed with a completely torn ACL who underwent ACLR were collected. During the surgery performed using the Felmet method, bone blocks from the native ACL footprints were collected.

Bioresorbable Stent in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

The exact causes of failure of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are still unknown. A key to successful ACL reconstruction is the prevention of bone tunnel enlargement (BTE). In this study, a new strategy to improve the outcome of ACL reconstruction was analyzed using a bioresorbable polylactide (PLA) stent as a catalyst for the healing process.

Neandertal-like traits visible in the internal structure of non-supranuchal fossae of some recent Homo sapiens: The problem of their identification in hominins and phylogenetic implications.

Although recently the internal structure of the non-supranuchal fossa of Homo sapiens has been described and compared to that observed in the Neandertal suprainiac fossa, until now it has not been examined in any modern human children. In this study, the internal structure of this fossa in the occipital bones of three children (two aged 3‒4 years and one aged 5 years ± 16 months) and one adult individual representing recent Homo sapiens from Australia was analysed and compared to that of the Neandertal suprainiac fossa. In order to analyse the internal composition of the fossae of the examined specimens, initially, high-resolution micro-CT datasets were obtained for their occipital bones; next, 3D topographic maps of the variation in thickness of structural layers of the occipital bones were made and 2D virtual sections in the median region of these fossae were prepared.

Effects of Polylactide Copolymer Implants and Platelet-Rich Plasma on Bone Regeneration within a Large Calvarial Defect in Sheep.

The aim of this study was to verify whether L-lactide/DL-lactide copolymer 80/20 (PLDLLA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) trigger bone formation within critical-sized calvarial defects in adult sheep ( = 6). Two craniectomies, each ca. 3 cm in diameter, were created in each animal.

Microscale's relationship between Young's modulus and tissue density. Prediction of displacements.

The study presents an experimental verification of Wagner et al.'s relationship in microscale and proposes a modification of this relationship. For this purpose, 11 cubic specimens were microcomputed tomography scanned and mechanically tested with the displacement full-field measurements using a digital image correlation system.

Bone tunnel enlargement following hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comprehensive review.

Nowadays, bone tunnel enlargement (BTE) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a well-known phenomenon. It has been identified, investigated and described by many authors during the last thirty years. Nevertheless, the etiology of bone tunnel enlargement still remains unclear.

A moment from before 365 Ma frozen in time and space.

This study presents a detailed analysis of an exceptionally well-preserved articulated specimen of the trilobite Trimerocephalus from the Late Devonian of the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland. X-ray microtomography reveals the oldest direct evidence for a moulting episode known from the fossil record. The process of moulting as well as associated features observed in the investigated specimen are interpreted by comparison with extinct and extant Xiphosurida arthropods, which survived global P/T extinction and are among the closest extant relatives of trilobites.

Maximum sphere method for shell patency measurements in viviparous land snails based on X-ray microcomputed tomography imaging.

This article presents the working principle of an algorithm designed for the purpose of examining a section of the snail shell canal. The procedure of scanning the specimens is described as well as the tests performed using the proposed algorithm. Also, the digital models used for testing the algorithm are described.

Structure and Ultrastructure of the Endodermal Region of the Alimentary Tract in the Freshwater Shrimp Neocaridina heteropoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca).

The freshwater shrimp Neocaridina heteropoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Decapoda) originates from Asia and is one of the species that is widely available all over the world because it is the most popular shrimp that is bred in aquaria. The structure and the ultrastructure of the midgut have been described using X-ray microtomography, transmission electron microscopy, light and fluorescence microscopes. The endodermal region of the alimentary system in N.

A multi-target approach for pain treatment: dual inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase and TRPV1 in a rat model of osteoarthritis.

The pharmacological inhibition of anandamide (AEA) hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) attenuates pain in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA) but has failed in clinical trials. This may have occurred because AEA also activates transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), which contributes to pain development. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of the dual FAAH-TRPV1 blocker OMDM-198 in an MIA-model of osteoarthritic pain.

SEM-EDS and X-ray micro computed tomography studies of skeletal surface pattern and body structure in the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris collected from Goczalkowice reservoir habit (Southern Poland).

Introduction: Freshwater sponges are common animals of most aquatic ecosystems. They feed by filtering small particles from the water, and so are thought to be sensitive indicators of pollution. Sponges are strongly associated with the abiotic environment and are therefore used as bioindicators for monitoring of water quality in water habitats.

X-ray microtomography for imaging of developing spiders inside egg cocoons.

Embryogenesis is especially sensitive to external factors. The changes in its course are often used as biomarkers of environmental impact. Since spider embryogenesis takes place inside cocoons, it is crucial to find a reliable tool to analyze this developmental phase with no intrusion into the cocoons.

Prediction of Young׳s modulus of trabeculae in microscale using macro-scale׳s relationships between bone density and mechanical properties.

According to the literature, there are many mathematical relationships between density of the trabecular bone and mechanical properties obtained in macro-scale testing. In micro-scale, the measurements provide only the ranges of Young׳s modulus of trabeculae, but there are no experimentally tested relationships allowing the calculation of the distribution of Young׳s modulus of trabeculae within these experimental ranges. This study examined the applicability of relationships between bone density and mechanical properties obtained in macro-scale testing for the calculation of Young׳s modulus distribution in micro-scale.

Preservation and sterilization methods of the meniscal allografts: literature review.

Nowadays, there are four types of meniscal allografts known: fresh, cryopreserved, deep-frozen and lyophilized ones but only two of them are widely used in clinical practice. Use of different types of meniscal allografts still remains controversial due to preparation method, their biomechanical properties as well as cost which is connected with processing and storage. The main aim of this review is to present the current status of knowledge concerning meniscal allograft preservation and sterilization, especially the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Pathological fracture prediction in patients with metastatic lesions can be improved with quantitative computed tomography based computer models.

Purpose: In clinical practice, there is an urgent need to improve the prediction of fracture risk for cancer patients with bone metastases. The methods that are currently used to estimate fracture risk are dissatisfying, hence affecting the quality of life of patients with a limited life expectancy. The purpose of this study was to assess if non-linear finite element (FE) computer models, which are based on Quantitative Computer Tomography (QCT), are better than clinical experts in predicting bone strength.

The analysis of densitometry image of bone tissue based on computer simulation of X-ray radiation propagation through plate model.

In this work, we have presented an attempt at the computer modelling of the attenuation effect of X-ray radiation which occurs in the densitometry test. The purpose of the modelling is to examine the extent to which the parameters of the plate model of bone tissue affect bone mineral density (BMD) parameter. In the modelling the fundamental functions realised by a densitometry device have been taken into consideration.

The changes caused by modification of biomechanical properties of a bone.

The paper presents the distribution of the parameters of mechanical stiffness in a sample of animal bone. The parameters are measured at different distances from the cortical bone. As it is widely known, bone properties vary significantly depending on the length of the bone.