An 18 base pair in-frame deletion in the degron tail of IAA2 provides resistance to 2,4-D and dicamba in Brassica tournefortii.

A population of Brassica tournefortii from South Australia was suspected to be resistant to 2,4-D. This study aimed to determine whether resistance to 2,4-D and other auxinic herbicides was present in the population and identify possible resistance mechanisms. The population was resistant (R) to 2,4-D, with an LD of 333 g ha, which is 8.

A deletion upstream of the degron of AcIAA27 leads to auxinic herbicide resistance in Arctotheca calendula.

Background: Two populations of Arctotheca calendula (capeweed) from near Naracoorte, South Australia, were not controlled by 2,4-D. These populations were investigated for resistance to 2,4-D and other auxin herbicides. Aux/IAA genes were investigated for potential mutations.

A point mutation in IAA34 confers resistance to the auxin herbicide 2,4-D in Sisymbrium orientale.

Background: Sisymbrium orientale has evolved resistance to 2,4-D in Australia due to a 27 bp deletion in SoIAA2. However, one population of Sisymbrium orientale resistant to 2,4-D (R1) did not contain the SoIAA2, suggesting another 2,4-D resistance mechanism was present in this population. Here, we reported a novel target-site resistance mechanism of 2,4-D in the R1 population.

A novel mutation in SoIAA20 confers cross-resistance to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and other auxinic herbicides in Sonchus oleraceus.

Background: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and other auxinic herbicides are important for weed control in cropping systems globally. Weeds with resistance to 2,4-D and other auxinic herbicides have evolved, including several populations of Sonchus oleraceus from multiple sites in Australia. We report the underlying mechanism in these populations that gives rise to auxinic herbicide resistance.

Reduced translocation in 2,4-D-resistant oriental mustard populations (Sisymbrium orientale L.) from Australia.

Background: Two oriental mustard populations (P2 and P13) collected from Port Broughton, South Australia were identified as resistant to 2,4-D. The level of resistance, mechanism and the mode of inheritance for 2,4-D resistance in these populations were investigated.

Results: Populations P2 and P13 were confirmed to be resistant to 2,4-D at the field rate (600 g a.

Target-site mutations conferring resistance to glyphosate in feathertop Rhodes grass (Chloris virgata) populations in Australia.

Background: Chloris virgata is a warm-season, C , annual grass weed affecting field crops in northern Australia that has become an emerging weed in southern Australia. Four populations with suspected resistance to glyphosate were collected in South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, and compared with one susceptible (S) population to confirm glyphosate resistance and elucidate possible mechanisms of resistance.

Results: Based on the rate of glyphosate required to kill 50% of treated plants (LD ), glyphosate resistance (GR) was confirmed in four populations of C.

The Na(+) transporter, TaHKT1;5-D, limits shoot Na(+) accumulation in bread wheat.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has a major salt tolerance locus, Kna1, responsible for the maintenance of a high cytosolic K(+) /Na(+) ratio in the leaves of salt stressed plants. The Kna1 locus encompasses a large DNA fragment, the distal 14% of chromosome 4DL.