An Atlas of Neonatal Neurovascular Imaging Anatomy as Depicted with Microvascular Imaging: The Intracranial Arteries.

Neurosonography is an invaluable diagnostic tool for assessing the neonatal brain and typically includes grayscale and conventional Doppler imaging. Microvascular imaging (MVI) is an emerging imaging technique that offers promising potential in evaluating neonatal intracranial pathology. MVI allows for sensitive and detailed assessment of neurovascular anatomy that can be challenging to visualize with other imaging modalities.

Added Value of Microvascular Imaging for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Strokes in Newborns and Infants.

Background: Neonatal/infantile stroke is a catastrophic condition associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the preferred modality for detecting ischemic stroke but has procedural limitations. Microvascular imaging (MVI) ultrasound (US) allows accurate visualization of the microvasculature.

A comprehensive evaluation of imaging features in pediatric spinal gliomas and their value in predicting tumor grade and histology.

Purpose: Pediatric spinal cord gliomas (PSGs) are rare in children and few reports detail their imaging features. We tested the association of tumoral grade with imaging features and proposed a novel approach to categorize post-contrast enhancement patterns in PSGs.

Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included patients <21 years of age with preoperative spinal MRI and confirmed pathological diagnosis of PSG from 2000-2022.

Imaging findings of children with PTEN-related hamartoma tumor syndrome: a 20-year multicentric pediatric cohort.

Background: PTEN-related hamartoma tumor syndrome results from a mutation in the PTEN gene located at 10q23.31. This syndrome represents a spectrum of different phenotypes of variable expressions, now recognized as part of the same condition.

Microvascular imaging findings in infants with bacterial meningitis: a case series.

Bacterial meningitis is a severe and life-threatening disease that rapidly progresses in neonates and infants; prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are lifesaving. Magnetic resonance imaging remains the primary imaging technique for diagnosing meningitis; however, due to its limited availability and cost, ultrasound is often used for initial screening. Microvascular imaging ultrasound (MVI) is an emerging technique that offers insight into the brain microvasculature beyond conventional ultrasound.

Intravenous administration of ultrasound contrast to critically ill pediatric patients.

Background: The off-label use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound has been increasingly used for pediatric patients.

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study is to report any observed clinical changes associated with the intravenous (IV) administration of ultrasound contrast to critically ill neonates, infants, children, and adolescents.

Materials And Methods: All critically ill patients who had 1 or more contrast-enhanced ultrasound scans while being closely monitored in the neonatal, pediatric, or pediatric cardiac intensive care units were identified.

Expanding the Imaging Spectrum of Polymorphous Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of the Young in Children.

Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumors of the young (PLNTY) are rare brain tumors first described in 2017 and recently included in the 2021 5th World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. They typically affect children and young adults. Few pediatric cases have been reported in the literature.

Sonothrombolysis: State-of-the-Art and Potential Applications in Children.

In recent years, advances in ultrasound therapeutics have been implemented into treatment algorithms for the adult population; however, the use of therapeutic ultrasound in the pediatric population still needs to be further elucidated. In order to better characterize the utilization and practicality of sonothrombolysis in the juvenile population, the authors conducted a literature review of current pediatric research in therapeutic ultrasound. The PubMed database was used to search for all clinical and preclinical studies detailing the use and applications of sonothrombolysis, with a focus on the pediatric population.

Frequency of Cerebellar Abnormalities Associated With the Differing Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patterns of Term Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Children.

Background: We aimed to determine the frequency of cerebellar injury using delayed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with cerebral palsy, diagnosed with term hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII), and to characterize this for the different MRI patterns of HII.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed delayed MRI scans in children with cerebral palsy, of whom 1175 had term HII. The pattern of HII was classified into basal ganglia-thalamus (BGT) pattern, watershed (WS) pattern, combined BGT/WS, and multicystic HII.

Distinguishing multicystic from focal encephalomalacia on delayed MRI in children with term hypoxic ischemic injury.

Background And Purpose: To define cystic patterns resulting from term hypoxic ischemic injury (HII) on delayed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and determine associated HII patterns and lesions that reflect the severity of injury, from a database of African children with cerebral palsy.

Methods: Retrospective review of 1175 children with cerebral palsy due to term HII diagnosed on late MRI, identifying those with cystic changes. These were classified as multicystic or (multi-) focal-cystic, and were evaluated for associated injuries-thalami, basal ganglia, hippocampi, cerebellum, and presence of ulegyria.

Watershed infarction in COVID-19: The necessity of neuroimaging in patients with subtle neurological symptoms.

Cerebrovascular diseases comprise a significant portion of neurological disorders related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We evaluated the clinical and imaging characteristics of a cohort of COVID-19 patients with stroke and also identified patients with watershed infarcts. In this cross-sectional study, seventy-three COVID-19 patients with ischemic stroke were included between October 2020 and January 2021.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Distribution and Reversibility of Lesions in Pediatric Vigabatrin-Related Brain Toxicity.

Background: We aimed to systematically characterize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in vigabatrin-related neurotoxicity in children and determine the reversibility of lesions based on follow-up images.

Methods: We evaluated children with a history of refractory seizures who had a brain MRI while on vigabatrin therapy. We included available brain MRI studies before vigabatrin therapy initiation, during vigabatrin treatment, and after vigabatrin was discontinued.

Application of the Intracranial Arterial Pulsatility Index for Determination of Prognosis after Lacunar Infarct.

Background: We aimed to investigate the usefulness of intracranial arterial pulsatility index to assess the prognosis of lacunar infarcts.

Materials And Methods: Forty-nine patients with confirmed acute lacunar infarct were enrolled in the study. A transcranial color-coded sonography was performed to assess the pulsatility index of bilateral middle cerebral, posterior cerebral, vertebral, and proximal internal carotid arteries.

Re-Evaluating Risk Factors, Incidence, and Outcome of Aneurysmal and Non-Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Objective: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the world's most life-threatening types of stroke. SAH can be classified into two main categories, aneurysmal (aSAH) and non-aneurysmal SAH (naSAH). In the present study, we aimed to prospectively evaluate SAH and its subcategories incidences, risk factors, complications, and outcomes in central Iran.

Evaluation of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Dynamics with Microvascular Imaging Ultrasound in Infants.

Purpose: Microvascular imaging ultrasound (MVI) can detect slow blood flow in small-caliber cerebral vessels. This technology may help assess flow in other intracranial structures, such as the ventricular system. In this study, we describe the use of MVI for characterizing intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics in infants.

Utility of Cerebral Microvascular Imaging in Infants Undergoing ECMO.

Purpose: Infants who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy have an increased risk of neurological complications and mortality. Microvascular imaging (MVI) is an advanced Doppler technique that allows high-resolution visualization of microvasculature in the brain. We describe the feasibility and utility of MVI for the evaluation of cerebral microvascular perfusion in patients undergoing ECMO.

Distribution of IntraThalamic Injury According to Nuclei and Vascular Territories in Children With Term Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury.

Background: Term hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is described as the basal ganglia thalamus [BGT], watershed [WS], or combined [BGT/WS] groups. We aimed to determine differences between HII groups in intrathalamic distribution.

Methods: Delayed MRIs of children with HII and thalamic injury were reviewed.

Transtemporal brain contrast-enhanced ultrasound in children: preliminary experience in patients without neurological disorders.

Aim: To evaluate the use of transtemporal brain contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to assess cerebral blood perfusion in a cohort of children without neurological disorders.

Methods: We included pediatric patients who were undergoing a clinically-indicated CEUS study. Brain scans were performed with a Siemens Sequoia scanner and a 4V1 transducer, that was placed on the left transtemporal bone.

State-of-the-art imaging for lymphatic evaluation in children.

The lymphatic system has been poorly understood and its importance neglected for decades. Growing understanding of lymphatic flow pathophysiology through peripheral and central lymphatic flow imaging has improved diagnosis and treatment options in children with lymphatic diseases. Flow dynamics can now be visualized by different means including dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography (DCMRL), the current standard technique to depict central lymphatics.

Lymphatic anomalies in congenital heart disease.

Congenital heart disease can lead to various lymphatic complications including traumatic leaks, lymphatic overproduction, conduction abnormalities or lymphedema. Advancements in the imaging of central lymphatics and guided interventions have improved outcomes in these children. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) lymphangiography allows for the assessment of abnormal lymphatic drainage.

The role of apparent diffusion coefficient histogram metrics for differentiating pediatric medulloblastoma histological variants and molecular groups.

Background: Medulloblastoma, a high-grade embryonal tumor, is the most common primary brain malignancy in the pediatric population. Molecular medulloblastoma groups have documented clinically and biologically relevant characteristics. Several authors have attempted to differentiate medulloblastoma molecular groups and histology variants using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps.

Of love and other demons: depicting human rabies in Colombia.

Human rabies has been described by various cultures in many countries around the world. Gabriel García Márquez's novel recounts the story of a girl who, in colonial Colombia in the 18 century, was bitten by a rabid dog. This paper aims to review the general status of the disease in Colombia and interweave it with García Márquez's book.

Application of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Histogram Metrics for Differentiation of Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumors : A Large Retrospective Study and Brief Review of Literature.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the application of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis to differentiate posterior fossa tumors (PFTs) in children.

Methods: A total of 175 pediatric patients with PFT, including 75 pilocytic astrocytomas (PA), 59 medulloblastomas, 16 ependymomas, and 13 atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT), were analyzed. Tumors were visually assessed using DWI trace and conventional MRI images and manually segmented and post-processed using parametric software (pMRI).