A Rare Collision in Thyroid and Lymph Node: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Synchronous papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas are exceptionally rare. This case report describes a 13-year-old girl with familial medullary thyroid cancer linked to germline rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene mutation, with a high risk of early onset and aggressive disease, who underwent total thyroidectomy with prophylactic neck dissection. Histopathology revealed distinct papillary and medullary thyroid cancers in separate thyroid lobes, which was a type IV synchronous tumor, with one lymph node showing metastatic deposits from both tumors.

Mitochondrial homeostasis and their impact on gastric carcinoma.

Gastric cancer is the fifth most diagnosed cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction, with its impaired energy production and increased oxidative stress, fuels the development of gastric tumours. Gastric cancer exhibits dysregulated mitochondrial functions, which contribute to metabolic reprogramming, decreased apoptosis sensitivity, therapeutic resistance, and enhanced tumour progression and metastasis.

Systematic review and meta-analysis on macrovascular and microvascular anatomy of preputial skin in hypospadias and its implications.

Introduction: Hypospadias repair is challenging due to complications like urethrocutaneous fistula and flap necrosis, often linked to preputial vascular anatomy. While macrovascular and microvascular patterns are studied, findings are inconsistent. The impact of preoperative hormonal therapy (PHT) on vascularity and outcomes is unclear.

Correlation of Androgen Receptor Expression With Ki67 Proliferative Index and Other Clinicopathological Characteristics in Invasive Mammary Carcinomas.

Introduction The clinical importance of androgen receptor (AR) status in breast cancer is uncertain. The existing knowledge regarding the association of androgen receptor expression with clinicopathological factors of breast cancer is also limited. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the AR expression in breast cancer and to correlate it with the Ki67 proliferative index and other clinicopathological prognostic factors.

Genetic alteration of mRNA editing enzyme APOBEC3B in the pathogenesis of ovarian endometriosis.

Research Question: What are the specific genetic alterations and associated network in endometriotic cells responsible for the disease pathogenesis?

Design: Case control experimental study involving 45 women with endometriosis who underwent laparoscopic surgery (case) and 45 normal samples from women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy (control). The endometrial samples were subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES) of endometriotic tissue and copy number variation analysis. Validation of gene hits were obtained from WES using polymerase chain reaction techniques, immunological techniques, in-silico tools and transgenic cell line models.

Clinical management of bullous pemphigoid-The importance of cytology in diagnosis.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a common immune-mediated blistering disorder with predominant skin involvement and occasionally oral manifestations. Vesiculobullous lesions of the oral mucosa present with similar clinical features, and hence arriving at a clinical diagnosis is aided by a valuable chairside investigation, exfoliative cytology. Cytology done in the present case ruled out pemphigus because of the absence of Tzanck cells in the smear.

Disseminated malignant phyllodes: Presentation after a decade.

Phyllodes tumors are rare biphasic fibroepithelial lesions of the breast and account for 0.3%-0.5% of primary breast tumors.

Activation of oncogenic signaling kinase PAK1 by ionising radiation confers an aggressive phenotype in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cancers are very aggressive tumors often diagnosed in late stages with poor prognosis. HNSCCs are usually treated by a course of radiation (IR) therapy and followed by surgery. These treatment regimens fail to bring a complete response.

Clinicopathological Profile of Nodular Hidradenoma: A ten year Study in a Tertiary Care Center.

Nodular hidradenoma is a rare skin adnexal tumor of eccrine differentiation with predominant site being scalp and axillae. Due to its variable locations and unusual clinical presentation and no definite radiological criteria, histopathology seems to be the mainstay in diagnosing these tumors. Most of the lesions present as a cystic swelling and was clinically thought to be a sebaceous cyst/metastasis/carcinoma/sarcoma.

Epithelioid leiomyosarcoma: An unusual presentation.

Uterine mesenchymal tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that can be diagnostically challenging. Thorough investigations and histopathological findings are highly significant to arrive at the correct diagnosis, thus ensuring appropriate and prompt treatment to the patient. Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is an uncommon uterine malignancy, which arises from the smooth muscle of the uterine wall.

Orbital leiomyoma presenting as inverse globe retraction syndrome: a unique presentation of a rare disease.

Inverse globe retraction syndrome is a rare ocular motility disorder characterized by limited abduction, with globe retraction and up- or downshoots on attempted abduction, differentiating it from globe retraction due to Duane retraction syndrome, seen on attempted adduction. It can be congenital or acquired. We report the case of a 3-year-old girl who presented with classical features of inverse globe retraction syndrome secondary to an underlying orbital tumor involving the medial rectus muscle.

Precocious puberty in a child: A rare cause and review of literature.

Precocious puberty (PP) in pediatric office practice is challenging as the cause varies from benign to malignant conditions. Adrenocortical tumors are rare in childhood and pseudo-precocious puberty is the most common clinical presentation in children. We report a case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with features of abdominal distention and virilization, and his abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an adrenal tumor which was confirmed as adrenocortical carcinoma by biopsy.

Overexpression of EGFR in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas - A new biological target in cancer therapy.

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant type of esophageal cancer in the Asian belt. These cancers show poor prognosis with an overall 5-year survival rate less than 19%. Exploring new molecular therapeutic targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) could be the corner stone of new curative treatment.

Utility of immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin in colorectal carcinoma.

Introduction: Reduced expression of E-cadherin, an intercellular junction protein, is associated with differentiation and metastasis of multiple cancers, including colorectal cancer.

Aim: To investigate the utility of the immunohistochemistry of E-cadherin as a prognostic marker for colorectal cancer (CRC).

Material And Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis for E-cadherin was performed on 100 paraffin blocks retrieved from resected specimens of CRC patients.

Imaging and pathological discordance amongst the plethora of breast lesions in breast biopsies.

Introduction: Imaging-guided breast tissue biopsy has become an acceptable alternative to open surgical biopsy for nonpalpable breast lesions. Discussion of abnormal results of the correlation between imaging and pathological findings can be very challenging as it can assist in decision-making with regard to the further treatment options by arriving at a comprehensive diagnosis.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective study.

Inflammation-induced PELP1 expression promotes tumorigenesis by activating GM-CSF paracrine secretion in the tumor microenvironment.

The inflammatory tumor microenvironment has been implicated as a major player fueling tumor progression and an enabling characteristic of cancer, proline, glutamic acid, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) is a novel nuclear receptor coregulator that signals across diverse signaling networks, and its expression is altered in several cancers. However, investigations to find the role of PELP1 in inflammation-driven oncogenesis are limited. Molecular studies here, utilizing macrophage cell lines and animal models upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or necrotic cells, showed that PELP1 is an inflammation-inducible gene.

Isolated ureteral extrauterine endometrial stromal sarcoma: an unusual presentation.

Extrauterine endometrial stromal sarcomas (EUESSs) are rare tumours occurring without primary uterine involvement. They are classified as primary or secondary, depending on uterine involvement by stromal sarcomas. A 56-year-old woman who earlier underwent bilateral modified radical mastectomy for adenocarcinoma and total abdominal hysterectomy for endometrial stromal sarcoma, followed by tamoxifen therapy, presented with left loin pain.

Molecular dysregulations underlying the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a crippling disease characterized by the presence of endometrium-like tissue or scar outside the uterine cavity, commonly confined to the peritoneal and serosal surfaces of the pelvic organs. 10-15% of women in reproductive age are estimated to be affected by endometriosis. Most of these patients present with infertility and suffer from pelvic pain.

Androgen Receptor Expression in Hypospadias.

Introduction: The exact mechanism behind the development of hypospadias is unclear. Research studies on androgen receptor (AR) expression are controversial with results stating all possible outcomes - AR elevated, similar, or reduced when compared to normal.

Aims: The aim is to study the AR expression and hormone levels in hypospadias patients and compare them with children having normal genitalia.

Lung Parenchymal and Endobronchial Metastases From Ovarian Carcinoma.

Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women and the eighth most common cause of cancer death in the world with an overall 5-year survival rate of <50%. (1) The most common age of presentation is at the perimenopausal age group and two-thirds of them present with advanced stage of disease. (2) Thoracic metastases occur in up to 50% of patients.