Comparison of caudal bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine with caudal bupivacaine and intravenous dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia in children: A randomized controlled trial.

Background And Aims: Caudal block is a part of multimodal analgesic regimen to alleviate pain in pediatric patients undergoing variety of surgeries. This study compares the effectiveness of caudal versus intravenous dexmedetomidine as an additive to caudal bupivacaine for prolonging analgesia in children posted for elective lower abdominal surgeries. The level of sedation and hemodynamic effects through both routes were also compared.

Dual functioning by the PhoR sensor is a key determinant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence.

PhoP-PhoR, one of the 12 two-component systems (TCSs) that empower M. tuberculosis to sense and adapt to diverse environmental conditions, remains essential for virulence, and therefore, represents a major target to develop novel anti-TB therapies. Although both PhoP and PhoR have been structurally characterized, the signal(s) that this TCS responds to remains unknown.