Keratopigmentation in the modern era: A review of current techniques, results, and safety.

To conduct a literature review on current knowledge regarding keratopigmentation (KTP), with a particular focus on femtosecond-assisted procedures. A narrative literature review was performed. Academic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and SciELO) were searched for articles containing the keywords "keratopigmentation" and "corneal tattoo.

Multivariate Determinants of Emotional Compromise and Subjective Functional Quality of Life in Surgery-Naïve Patients With Keratoconus as Measured With the Keratoconus End Points Assessment Questionnaire.

Purpose: Keratoconus affects patients' quality of life. No study has assessed the multivariate determinants of quality of life using the keratoconus end points assessment questionnaire (KEPAQ).

Methods: This study included patients with keratoconus with no history of ocular surgery, who underwent clinical evaluation and tomographic imaging using a dual Scheimpflug/Placido device (Galilei G6).

One-Year Results of a Posterior Chamber Toric Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation in Patients with Keratoconus.

Purpose: To determine clinical and refractive results after the implantation of EyeCryl Phakic Toric intraocular lens in patients with stable keratoconus.

Methods: The study included all patients diagnosed with keratoconus who underwent implantation of an EyeCryl Phakic Toric intraocular lens (Biotech Healthcare Holding; Ahmedabad, India) in at least one eye and had a follow-up of at least 12 months. Visual and refractive data were collected for all patients, along with corneal tomography measurements using Pentacam, and vault measurement using optical coherence tomography.

The Effects of Whole-Corneal and Whole-Eye Higher Order Aberrations on the Discrepancy Between Refractive and Corneal Astigmatism in Otherwise Healthy Candidates for Refractive Surgery.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of different whole-corneal and whole-eye higher order aberrations (HOAs) on levels of axis discrepancy.

Methods: This was a retrospective study including healthy candidates for refractive surgery, with one eye being randomly selected. A total of 360 eyes were included.

Ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) does not seem to correlate with baseline refractive error among refractive surgery candidates.

Purpose: Ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) is defined as the difference between refractive astigmatism and anterior corneal astigmatism. A high ORA may be correlated with poorer results in patients undergoing corneal-based laser surgery. Is a high baseline refractive error related to a higher degree of ORA?

Methods: This was a retrospective analytical study including 181 right eyes of an equal number of refractive surgery candidates.

Rasch development and validation of the "Medellín Dry Eye Inventory" (ME·Dry), an instrument to measure multidimensional quality of life compromise in patients with dry eye disease.

Purpose: Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition that affects the quality of life. There is a great need for better-developed scales that comply with Rasch model requirements.

Methods: Prospective study including patients with DED.

Corneal and Whole-Eye Higher Order Aberrations Do Not Correlate With Ocular Residual Astigmatism in Prepresbyopic Refractive Surgery Candidates.

Purpose: Ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) is the proportion of manifest astigmatism that is not explained by anterior corneal astigmatism. The role of higher order aberrations (HOAs) in the level of ORA has not been profoundly studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different corneal and whole-eye HOAs on levels of ORA using a multivariate modeling approach.

Determination of the repeatability of corneal densitometry as measured with a Scheimpflug camera device in refractive surgery candidates.

Purpose: Corneal densitometry analysis provides an objective measurement of corneal transparency in patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). To date, no study that focuses on determining the reliability and smallest real difference (SRD), specifically in PRK candidates, has been published.

Methods: The study was conducted at Clínica de Oftalmología Sandiego, Medellín, Colombia.

Standardizing the measurement and classification of quality of life using the Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire (KEPAQ): the ABCDEF keratoconus classification.

Background: Measuring quality of life is of importance in keratoconus. So far, the Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire (KEPAQ) is the only keratoconus-specific scale to measure emotional well-being along with functional compromise in this population. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of clarity and standardization as to how KEPAQ scores should be computed and reported.

The Pentacam® AXL Wave provides a reliable wavefront-based objective refraction when compared to manifest subjective refraction: A prospective study.

Purpose: Accurate refraction is arguably the most important parameter for a successful laser vision correction surgery and is based on a combination of manifest and cycloplegic refraction. Wavefront-based objective refraction may be useful in the evaluation of patients. So far, the reliability of objective refraction as measured using the Pentacam AXL Wave has not been published in the literature.

Both subscales of the Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire have excellent test-retest reliability.

Purpose: The keratoconus end-points assessment questionnaire (KEPAQ) is a disease-specific scale designed to evaluate the quality of life in keratoconus patients and provides the measurement of both functional and emotional compromise in keratoconus. It was previously developed, tested, and validated and now we want to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the KEPAQ, in an effort to contribute evidence on its internal consistency and capability of measuring clinical state with minimal inference of random chance.

Methods: This is a prospective analytical study, designed to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the KEPAQ through the repeated application of the questionnaire to a group of clinically stable individuals.

Early results with the EyeCryl Phakic Toric intraocular lens implantation in keratoconus patients.

Refractive management in keratoconus is challenging. Although some kinds of phakic intraocular lenses have been studied in keratoconus so far, no study evaluated the results of EyeCryl Phakic Toric intraocular lenses in this kind of patients. This is a retrospective chart review study, including all keratoconus patients implanted with an EyeCryl Phakic Toric intraocular lens in at least one of their eyes by an experienced cornea surgeon in Colombia.

Rasch development and validation of a new faces scale for measuring pain, and its comparison with a gold standard: the Balparda-Herrera Pain Scale.

Faces pain scales are widely used to measure pain. So far, no faces pain scale has ever been constructed by Rasch modeling. Hence the authors aimed to construct a new scale by this method.

Unilateral Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome Resulting in Cataract and Urrets-Zavalia Syndrome after Sequential Uneventful Implantation of a Posterior Chamber Phakic Toric Intraocular Lens at Two Different Surgical Facilities: A Series of Unfortunate Events.

Background: Phakic Intraocular Lens (P-IOL) implantation is a safe, easy, predictable intervention designed to manage moderate to high refractive errors. Complications are relatively uncommon and include mainly cataract and intraocular pressure spikes. Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS) is a rather unusual sterile anterior segment inflammation after uneventful intraocular surgery, extremely rarely reported after P-IOL implantation.

Both Subjective Emotional Distress and Visual Handicap Correlate with Belin ABCD Classification in the Worse Eye as Measured with the "Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire" (KEPAQ).

Background: Keratoconus is a disease characterized by progressive corneal distortion and quality of vision. So far, no study using disease-specific scales has evaluated whether different stages of the disease correlate with higher quality of life (QoL) compromise.

Methods: A total of 114 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Keratoconus were included in this retrospective study.

Both sub-scales of the "Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire" (KEPAQ) are unidimensional and reliable.

Background: Measuring quality of life in keratoconus is important and demands for well-constructed instruments and scales. To date, the Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire (KEPAQ) is the only disease-specific scale to measure both functional and emotional compromise due to disease. Nevertheless, not much information exists regarding whether both sub-scales of the test show unidimensionality, a necessary condition in well-functioning instruments.

Development and Validation of the "Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire" (KEPAQ), a Disease-Specific Instrument for Evaluating Subjective Emotional Distress and Visual Function Through Rasch Analysis.

Background: Keratoconus is a disease characterized by progressive distortion of the corneal anatomy, coupled with a decrease in vision. Assessing quality of life (QoL) in keratoconus is essential. So far, no instrument in the world has been designed to evaluate both visual function and emotional distress in this population.

Contralateral Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation as Rehabilitation of Refractive Lens Exchange with a Monofocal Intraocular Lens in a Young, Nonpresbyopic, Bilateral Highly-Myopic Patient.

Background: Refractive errors are widespread in the human population; nowadays, numerous surgical options allow for efficient and safe correction them. One of the main elements to ensure success in this kind of intervention will depend on the careful patient and surgical approach selection. Excimer laser corneal surgery is considered by most for low to moderate ametropias.

Simultaneous Noncentered Photoactivated Chromophore for Keratitis-Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking and Penetrating Keratoplasty for Treatment of Severe Marginal spp. Keratitis: A Description of a New Surgical Technique.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of simultaneous noncentered photoactivated chromophore for keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking (PACK-CXL) combined with penetrating keratoplasty in the treatment of a severe marginal spp. keratitis case with imminent corneal perforation. It is a retrospective case report study; it was performed by collecting clinical data, images, video, and postoperative evaluations.

[Regarding surface ablation as an ethically superior option when compared to LASIK: primum non nocere].

Refractive surgery is an extremely safe surgical intervention, with excellent profiles of clinical improvement and satisfaction. The ethical responsibility of the refractive surgeon is to look for diminishing the patients' exposure to unnecessary risks. Therefore, surface ablation would be a preferable option over LASIK as the former has a better safety profile than the latter, without compromising final visual acuity.

Refractive surgery training during residency - do not be afraid of the dark.

Refractive errors are a fairly common eye condition worldwide, and the ophthalmologist should be capable of offering the patient both nonsurgical and surgical solutions to their refractive conditions. Nevertheless, currently, refractive surgery training during residency is poor at best. This paper explores recent evidence to suggest that postsurgical results of patients operated on by residents are not inferior to those operated on by experienced staff.

Capsular block syndrome: a case report and literature review.

Purpose: To report the case of a patient who developed late capsular block syndrome and to review the current literature regarding this complication of phacoemulsification procedures.

Methods: The literature was reviewed to summarize the diagnosis, classification, use of diagnostic aids, and the current treatments for this complication.

Results: A 69-year-old patient complained of decreased visual acuity 11 months after undergoing phacoemulsification.