All-Cause and Pneumococcal Community-Acquired Pneumonia Hospitalizations Among Adults in Tennessee and Georgia.

Importance: Although the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) has reduced the overall burden of pneumococcal disease, recent measurements of pneumococcal pneumonia incidence are lacking.

Objective: To prospectively quantify the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia and to assess the potential impact of the recently approved adult-specific 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (V116).

Design, Settings, And Participants: This cross-sectional study for prospective active surveillance included adults residing in defined catchment areas in Tennessee and Georgia hospitalized with clinical and radiographical evidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at 3 hospitals between 2018 and 2022.

Health care resource use and costs associated with adult pneumococcal disease in the United States from 2017 to 2019, stratified by age and health risk: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Adult pneumococcal disease (PD) represents a significant clinical and economic burden in the United States. Individuals with immunocompromising conditions and other chronic medical conditions, as well as those ≥65 years of age, have an increased risk of acute PD and its long-term complications. The aim of the current study was to describe the health care resource use and direct health care costs associated with invasive PD (IPD) and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP) among adults in the United States, stratified by age group and health-based risk level.

Clinical burden of pneumococcal disease among adults in France: A retrospective cohort study.

Pneumococcal disease (PD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, specifically among individuals ≥65 years of age and those with underlying medical conditions (UMCs). This retrospective cohort study estimated the clinical burden of PD in adults ≥18 years of age with or without UMCs in France. Data were obtained from the French National Health Data System for four yearly cohorts (1 January 2015-31 December 2018).

Community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized adults: long-term morbidities and their risk factors.

Background: The long-term morbidity associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and the risk factors associated with this long-term morbidity are unclear. In adults hospitalized for CAP, we sought to quantify the impact of CAP on loss of function, cognitive impairment, loss of employment, and quality of life six months after hospitalization for CAP and identify risk factors for these adverse outcomes.

Design: This prospective cohort study is an analysis of the Pneumococcal Pneumonia Epidemiology, Urine serotyping, and Mental Outcomes (PNEUMO) study population conducted at an academic, quaternary care hospital.

Assessing the economic impact and healthcare resource utilization of inpatient pneumococcal disease among adults: a French national claims database study.

Background: Pneumococcal diseases (PD) caused by include invasive PD (IPD) and non-bacteremia pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP). Current French vaccination guidelines focus on patients with underlying medical conditions (UMC) who are at a higher risk of PD. This study describes the healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and economic burden of inpatient PD in French adults, to inform vaccination guidelines, especially among vulnerable subpopulations at increased risk of PD.

Health and economic impact of the 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (V116) for adults in Japan: a delta price approach.

Introduction: This study analyzed the health and economic impact of the 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (V116) and the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20), as well as their relative cost-effectiveness, in Japanese adults aged 65 years using a delta pricing approach.

Methods: A Markov model was employed to simulate the movement of the Japanese population among four health states: healthy, pneumococcal disease (consisting of invasive pneumococcal disease [IPD] with or without meningitis and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia [NBPP]), post-meningitis sequelae, and death. The model was populated with publicly available demographic and epidemiologic data, stratified by risk level.

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards pneumococcal vaccines among adults in the United States.

Objectives: The attitudes and perceptions of healthcare consumers (HCCs) are increasingly becoming more relevant in decision-making with healthcare providers and incorporated into healthcare decision-making by national immunization technical advisory groups and health technology assessment agencies. With newer pneumococcal vaccine options available, HCCs' attitudes and perceptions play a key role in gauging potential acceptance. The objective of this study was to assess HCCs' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward pneumococcal vaccines for adults.

Indirect protection in adults ≥18 years of age from pediatric pneumococcal vaccination: a review.

Introduction: Infant immunization programs using pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have reduced the rates of pneumococcal disease through direct vaccine-induced protection in vaccinated children and through indirect protection in non-vaccinated children and adults.

Areas Covered: This review summarizes current evidence on the indirect protection of adults conferred by pediatric pneumococcal vaccination, including the impact on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence and mortality, pneumonia admissions, and nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence. Factors affecting indirect protection against IPD are also discussed.

Preferences and attitudes of healthcare providers towards pneumococcal vaccines for adults in the United States.

Objectives: It is important to assess healthcare providers (HCPs) knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and preferences towards new pneumococcal vaccines for adults.

Methods: HCPs who met eligibility criteria completed an online survey between March - May 2024 that included a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to elicit preferences.

Results: Among 340 participating HCPs, the average age was 44.

Qualification of a 21-valent pneumococcal urine antigen detection assay and development of clinical positivity cutoffs.

Serotype-specific assays detecting pneumococcal polysaccharides in bodily fluids are needed to understand the pneumococcal serotype distribution in non-bacteremic pneumonia. We developed a urine antigen detection assay and using urine samples from adult outpatients without pneumonia developed positivity cutoffs for both a previously published 15-valent and the new 21-valent assay. Clinical sensitivity was confirmed with samples from patients with invasive pneumococcal disease.

Lifetime Health and Economic Burden of Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases Attributable to V116 Serotypes Among Adults in the United States.

Introduction: This study aimed to estimate and compare the lifetime clinical and economic burden of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) attributable to the serotypes contained in a new 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (V116) vs. the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) among adults aged 18 years and above in the USA.

Methods: A state-transition Markov model was used to track IPD cases and deaths as well as the associated direct medical costs (in 2023 US dollars) from a US healthcare payer perspective at 3% annual discount rate.

Cost-Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Vaccination in Adults in Italy: Comparing New Alternatives and Exploring the Role of GMT Ratios in Informing Vaccine Effectiveness.

In Italy, a sequential pneumococcal vaccination with conjugate vaccine (PCV) and polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is recommended for individuals aged ≥ 65 years and those at risk for pneumococcal disease (PD) aged ≥ 6 years. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the new vaccines, i.e.

Clinical and economic burden of pneumococcal disease among adults in Sweden: A population-based register study.

Pneumococcal disease is a major cause of clinical and economic burden worldwide. This study investigated the burden of pneumococcal disease in Swedish adults. A retrospective population-based study was conducted using Swedish national registers, including all adults aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of pneumococcal disease (defined as pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, or septicemia) in inpatient or outpatient specialist care between 2015-2019.

Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among US adults enrolled in Medicaid and newly diagnosed with underlying medical conditions.

Background: Adults with chronic or immunocompromising conditions have an elevated risk of invasive pneumococcal disease, yet their pneumococcal vaccination rates remain low.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study used the IBM MarketScan® Multi-State Medicaid database to examine pneumococcal vaccination uptake among adults 19-64 years of age with underlying conditions. Gompertz accelerated failure time model was used to examine factors associated with vaccination.

Regional factors associated with pneumococcal vaccination coverage among U.S. adults with underlying chronic or immunocompromising conditions.

The Centers for Disease Control recommends pneumococcal vaccination for U.S. adults aged 19-64 years with chronic or immunocompromising conditions, however, vaccination coverage is low and regional variations in coverage are rarely studied.

Clinical and economic burden of pneumococcal disease among individuals aged 16 years and older in Germany.

This study assessed the incidence rate of all-cause pneumonia (ACP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and associated medical costs among individuals aged ≥16 in the German InGef database from 2016 to 2019. Incidence rate was expressed as the number of episodes per 100 000 person-years (PY). Healthcare resource utilisation was investigated by age group and by risk group (healthy, at-risk, high-risk).

Pneumococcal vaccination coverage in individuals (16-59 years) with a newly diagnosed risk condition in Germany.

Background: Despite recommendations from the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), pneumococcal vaccination coverage remains low in vulnerable populations. This study estimated the pneumococcal vaccination coverage rate (VCR) and timing among individuals aged 16-59 years in Germany who were recommended to receive pneumococcal vaccination, according to STIKO.

Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using the German InGef database.

A Multicenter Evaluation of Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance Among Isolates From Adults in the United States.

Background: Management of pneumococcal disease is complicated by high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study assessed AMR trends for Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from adults with pneumococcal disease.

Methods: From January 2011 to February 2020, we evaluated 30-day nonduplicate isolates from 290 US hospitals (BD Insights Research Database) from adults (≥18 years) in inpatient and outpatient settings.

Cost-effectiveness of the 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for high-risk adults in Switzerland.

Background: Vaccination against pneumococcal disease (PD) has shown a favorable cost-effectivenessprofile for many national immunization programs. While vaccination efforts have concentrated on children, many adults with underlying illnesses face elevated risks of PD and death. A 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (V114) is currently available offering protection against 15 different serotypes and can be used in adults.

Estimates of the Health and Economic Burden of Pneumococcal Infections Attributable to the 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Serotypes in the USA.

Introduction: Despite the availability of vaccines, pneumococcal disease (PD) is associated with high clinical and economic burden, mainly caused by non-vaccine serotypes and certain vaccine-type serotypes. V114 is a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) that contains two epidemiologically important serotypes, 22F and 33F, in addition to the 13 serotypes in 13-valent PCV (PCV13). This study quantified the epidemiologic and economic burden of PD attributable to V114 serotypes among adults in the USA.

Health economic evaluation of introducing a PPSV23-based vaccination programme to adults aged 65 and above, and an extension to the 60-64 age group in Denmark.

Background: To estimate the health economic consequences of the recently introduced PPSV23 vaccination programme for persons aged 65+ in Denmark and of a potential extension of the programme to include persons aged 60-64 years.

Research Design And Methods: A Markov model was adapted to the Danish healthcare setting to simulate the epidemiological and economic burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia using information from published sources and Danish databases.

Results: We found that the recent introduction of an age-based vaccination programme offering PPSV23 vaccination to the population of persons aged 65+ in Denmark will lead to a societal gain of EUR 72.