Optimizing standardized neonatal and infant continuous infusion concentrations based on intravenous infusion pump data.

Disclaimer: In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

A review of microcredentials in health professions continuing professional development.

Microcredentials are an emergent tool to support knowledge and skill development. Despite their growing popularity in medical education - and higher education more broadly - it is unclear how these strategies have been utilized to support continuing professional development in the health professions. A rapid systematic review was conducted to explore the current relevant literature due to the timely and evolving nature of microcredentials.

Exploring the use of ChatGPT to analyze student course evaluation comments.

Background: Since the release of ChatGPT, numerous positive applications for this artificial intelligence (AI) tool in higher education have emerged. Faculty can reduce workload by implementing the use of AI. While course evaluations are a common tool used across higher education, the process of identifying useful information from multiple open-ended comments is often time consuming.

Enhanced renal clearance impacts levetiracetam concentrations in patients with traumatic brain injury with and without augmented renal clearance.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ARC on levetiracetam concentrations during the first week following acute TBI. The hypothesis was levetiracetam concentrations are significantly lower in TBI patients with augmented renal clearance (ARC) compared to those with normal renal clearance.

Methods: This is a prospective cohort pharmacokinetic study of adults with moderate to severe TBI treated with levetiracetam during the first week after injury.

Understanding pathways to health-system pharmacy administration: A journey mapping study.

Purpose: Pharmacy administrators play a critical role in the success of health systems, yet pathways to pharmacy administration are incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe pathways to becoming a health-system pharmacy administrator, including challenges experienced and resources needed.

Methods: Participants (N = 21) individually completed one or more journey maps detailing the pathway(s) to pharmacy administration and then engaged in small group discussion to identify common themes.

An Exploration of the Relationship Between Pharmacy School Admission Variables and PGY1 Pharmacy Residency Program Match.

Objective: To explore the relationship between pharmacy school admission variables and matching to a postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residency program.

Methods: Demographic data, academic indicators, and application review scores were collected for the 2017-2020 Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) graduating classes. Multiple mini-interview (MMI) scores were collected for the 2018-2020 PharmD graduating classes.

Key Business of Health Care Topics and Strategies to Implement Within Doctor of Pharmacy Curricula.

To explore pharmacist alumni perspectives on what topics and how the business of health care should be incorporated into pharmacy school training. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was used. Focus groups were conducted to elicit pharmacist alumni perspectives about business of health care topics and strategies for student learning and curricular implementation.

Designing an Inclusive Learning Training Series for Pharmacy Educators.

This article describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of five faculty development sessions focused on inclusive teaching strategies in pharmacy education. Inclusive strategies ensure that every student can clearly understand and engage in meaningful learning opportunities. Three sessions were implemented in fall 2020 and two in spring 2021.

Development and implementation of a formative instructional coaching program using the Teaching Practices Inventory within a health professions program.

Background: A growing body of literature describes teaching practices that are positively associated with student achievement. Observing, characterizing, and providing feedback on these teaching practices is a necessary, yet significant challenge to improving teaching quality. This study describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of an instructional coaching program created to provide formative feedback to instructors based on their use of evidence-based teaching practices.

Current State of and Opportunities for Enhancing Peer Evaluation Practices Across the Pharmacy Academy.

To examine and summarize policies and procedures for peer evaluation of teaching/instructional coaching (PET/IC) programs within departments, schools, and colleges of pharmacy and to identify opportunities for improving these based on best practices. A survey was sent to all Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)-accredited pharmacy programs to collect information regarding procedures to support and evaluate PET/IC programs across institutions. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the general features of PET/IC programs, and inferential statistics were used to make group comparisons based on institutional control (public, private) and institution age (0-10 years, older than 10 years).

Evaluation of chemotherapy preparation processes: Volumetric method reliability and gravimetric method utility within 5 US hospitals.

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the volumetric method for intravenous (IV) preparations and explore the utility of gravimetric methods in the medication preparation process within multiple institutions. Secondary outcomes of this study were syringe size percent variations and impact on drug expenditures.

Methods: A prospective, noninterventional, multisite study was conducted between March 2015 and December 2016 to generate baseline estimates of accuracy and precision in the volumetric medication preparation process.

How-To Guide for Overcoming Barriers of Research and Scholarship Training in Pharm.D. and Pharmacy Residency Programs.

Accrediting bodies for Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) and postgraduate residency training programs recognize the importance of research and scholarship training.

A Mapping Review of Teamwork Training and Assessment in Pharmacy Education.

To explore how teamwork is taught (ie, skills and format), measured, and assessed within pharmacy education. A mapping review was conducted to provide a selection of articles to specifically capture how teamwork is taught, measured, and assessed within pharmacy education. Of the 114 references retrieved, 18 studies from 17 schools or colleges of pharmacy met the inclusion criteria for review and data abstraction.

Use of Capstone Experiences in Pharmacy Education to Synthesize and Apply Students' Knowledge and Skills.

To investigate capstone experiences in pharmacy education with the broad aim of better understanding how they are designed, used, and sustained. Capstones were defined as culminating experiences that required Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students to apply their knowledge and skills and demonstrate their ability to integrate, extend, and apply multiple components of their academic experience. This study was conducted in two phases.

Implementation and Initial Evaluation of a Research and Scholarship Training Pathway in a Doctor of Pharmacy Curriculum.

To design, implement, and assess the initial impact of a pharmacy student research and scholarship training pathway. The Research and Scholarship in Pharmacy (RASP) pathway was designed to create a longitudinal, elective pathway within a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum at a single institution. The pathway consisted of three elective courses built around a faculty-mentored scholarly project where students framed an answerable question, generated and interpreted relevant data, and communicated their findings in oral and written form.

Formation and validation of an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model: Part 2.

Purpose: The purpose of the project described here was to use the work outputs identified in part 1 of a 2-part research initiative to build and validate an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model.

Methods: Following the identification of work outputs in part 1 of the project, relative weighting was assigned to all outputs based on the time intensity and complexity of each task. The number of pharmacists verifying an inpatient medication order each day was selected to represent the labor input.

Lessons learned from pharmacy learner and educator experiences during early stages of COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose: To explore pharmacy learner (eg, resident, fellow) and educator (eg, residency program director, preceptor) experiences and lessons learned during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods: In May 2020, attendees of the virtual Research in Education and Practice Symposium (REPS) were invited to participate in two 1-hour networking sessions. During these sessions, participants completed individual and group reflection exercises where they were asked questions about their experiences during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Decision-making framework for an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model: Part 1.

Purpose: Clinical pharmacist productivity assessment has long been challenging, as a standard definition does not exist. A multistep project was undertaken with the intent to develop, validate, and implement an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model. The initial step of the project was designed to identify, define, prioritize, and weight a comprehensive list of daily pharmacist responsibilities stratified by relative time spent on each function via consensus.

Development and perceived value of a master's degree in health-system pharmacy administration training.

Purpose: To describe the development, format, and alumni and employer perceptions of a program combining a master of science (MS) degree with a residency in health-system pharmacy administration and leadership (HSPAL).

Summary: A multisite combined MS and HSPAL residency program was developed within the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy to increase leadership and management education. The program balances clinical and administrative experiences with didactic courses over 2 years.

Emerging Innovations and Professional Skills Needed Within Pharmacy Curricula.

To ensure students are prepared for the rapidly evolving world of health care, curricula must be aligned with emerging innovations, as well as professional skills likely to influence students' abilities to be successful. At the 2019 annual meeting of PharmAlliance institutions, we asked experts to identify innovations and professional skills necessary for the future of pharmacy practice. Experts identified a wide range of topics, including personalized and precision medicine, digital health, interprofessional collaboration, clinical decision making, and overcoming complexity and ambiguity.

Energy Expenditure in Critically Ill Adult Patients With Acute Brain Injury: Indirect Calorimetry vs. Predictive Equations.

Predictive equations (PE) are used in lieu of indirect calorimetry (IC) due to cost and limited resources; however, these equations may not be as accurate as IC in estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) in critically ill patients, putting them at risk of malnutrition. The purpose of this study is to compare predicted and measured energy expenditure (MEE) in critically ill adults with acute brain injury. This was a retrospective review of adult patients admitted to the Neurosciences ICU with acute brain injury between May 1st, 2014 and April 1st, 2016 who had IC performed.

Enhanced renal clearance and impact on vancomycin pharmacokinetic parameters in patients with hemorrhagic stroke.

Background: The majority of patients with hemorrhagic stroke experience enhanced renal clearance or augmented renal clearance (ARC). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of enhanced renal clearance or ARC on vancomycin pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters.

Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of a prospective study of adult patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) admitted to the neurosciences intensive care unit who received vancomycin.

Impact of an innovative partnership in patient care between an academic medical center department of pharmacy and a school of pharmacy.

Purpose: Pharmacy departments and schools of pharmacy have long held professional affiliations. However, the success of each entity is often not interdependent and aligned. In 2010, our institutions found ourselves in a position where the complementary motivations of each aligned to support a more meaningful and committed engagement, leading to the development of the Partnership in Patient Care.

Association between student characteristics and rankings when applying for a residency in health-system pharmacy administration.

Purpose: Results of a study to identify characteristics associated with pharmacy residency applicant success in obtaining an invitation to interview and a top candidate ranking are reported. Subsequent development and initial validation of a predictive model based on those characteristics are described.

Methods: Bivariable analyses were performed for planned stratifications of applicants to a health-system pharmacy administration residency program according to whether they were offered an on-site interview or were among the 8 top candidates by final candidate ranking.

Implementation of the flipped residency research model to enhance residency research training.

Purpose: The attainment of fundamental research skills to create and disseminate new knowledge is imperative for the advancement of pharmacy practice. Research training is an important component of postgraduate residency training; however, the traditional model of performing residency research has several limitations that have hindered the ability of residents to complete high-quality research projects. Therefore, our institution developed and implemented the flipped residency research model with the 2013-2014 pharmacy practice residency class.