Therapeutic potential of gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy: a comparative insight into synthesis overview and cellular mechanisms.

Cancer has become a global health issue that demands transformative and advanced therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in cancer research and therapeutics have shown that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess potential anticancer, apoptotic, phagocytic, and immune modulation properties. Their unique physicochemical properties at the nanoscale make AuNPs effective candidate in various cancer therapeutics.

Multi-target approach to Alzheimer's disease prevention and treatment: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and amyloid- modulating mechanisms.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, and progressive cognitive decline, posing a significant global health challenge. Growing evidence suggests that dietary polyphenols may reduce the risk and progression of AD through multifaceted neuroprotective mechanisms. Polyphenols regulate amyloid proteostasis by inhibiting β/γ-secretase activity, preventing Aβ aggregation, and enhancing clearance pathways.

A Promising Druggable Target for Translational Therapy of Ovarian Cancer: A Molecular Profiling of Therapeutic Innovations, Extracellular Vesicle Acquired Resistance, and Signaling Pathways.

Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks as the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, posing a significant threat to female health. Late-stage diagnoses, driven by elusive symptoms often masquerading as gastrointestinal issues, contribute to a concerning 70% of cases being identified in advanced stages. While early-stage OC brags a 90% cure rate, progression involving pelvic organs or extending beyond the peritoneal cavity drastically diminishes it.

Apoptosis: A Comprehensive Overview of Signaling Pathways, Morphological Changes, and Physiological Significance and Therapeutic Implications.

Cell survival and death are intricately governed by apoptosis, a meticulously controlled programmed cell death. Apoptosis is vital in facilitating embryonic development and maintaining tissue homeostasis and immunological functioning. It is a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways that ultimately converges on executing the apoptotic program.

Microbiome-based therapies for Parkinson's disease.

The human gut microbiome dysbiosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The bidirectional relationship between the enteric nervous system (ENS) and central nervous system (CNS) under the mediation of the gut-brain axis control the gastrointestinal functioning. This review article discusses key mechanisms by which modifications in the composition and function of the gut microbiota (GM) influence PD progression and motor control loss.

Investigating underlying molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, emerging therapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, a clinically challenging malignancy constitutes a significant contributor to cancer-related mortality, characterized by an inherently poor prognosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by examining its multifaceted etiologies, including genetic mutations and environmental factors. The review explains the complex molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and summarizes current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and emerging modalities such as immunotherapy.

Graphene photodetectors integrated with silicon and perovskite quantum dots.

Photodetectors (PDs) play a crucial role in imaging, sensing, communication systems, etc. Graphene (Gr), a leading two-dimensional material, has demonstrated significant potential for photodetection in recent years. However, its relatively weak interaction with light poses challenges for practical applications.

Characterization of structural, genotoxic, and immunological effects of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) induced DNA modifications: Implications for inflammation-driven carcinogenesis.

Genotoxic DNA damaging agents are the choice of chemicals for studying DNA repair pathways and the associated genome instability. One such preferred laboratory chemical is methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). MMS, an SN2-type alkylating agent known for its ability to alkylate adenine and guanine bases, causes strand breakage.

Molecular pathways and therapeutic targets linked to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth, abnormal morphology, and altered proliferation. Cancerous cells lose their ability to act as anchors, allowing them to spread throughout the body and infiltrate nearby cells, tissues, and organs. If these cells are not identified and treated promptly, they will likely spread.

Removal of Broken Cannulated Drill Bit.

Breaking of surgical drill bits and subsequent dislodging in the bone are quite common in the field of orthopedics. Even though a few methods have been reported to remove dislodged drill bits, we present a novel method to remove a broken drill bit without additional instruments or a secondary incision. A broken cannulated drill bit within the locking screw hole inside the neck of a femur was retrieved using a depth gauge with a curved tip that hooked onto the edge of the drill bit.

Total knee replacement: A comparison of the subvastus and medial parapatellar approaches.

Objective: The goal of this study is to compare the subvastus method to the usual medial parapatellar technique for total knee replacement in patients with osteoarthritis who present to a tertiary care centre, based on quadriceps function recovery in days after surgery.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed case notes of 76 patients with osteoarthritis who had total knee replacements in a tertiary care hospital over the course of a year from August 2019 to August 2020. We divided them into two groups: group A received TKR via the subvastus approach, and group B received TKR via the medial parapatellar approach.

Financial development, globalization, and CO emission in the presence of EKC: evidence from BRICS countries.

This study examines the impact of energy consumption, financial development, globalization, economic growth, and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model for BRICS economies, by using a family of econometric techniques robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Results from LM test, CIPS and CADF unit root test, Westerlund Cointegration test, the Dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR), and Dumitrescu-Hurlin Granger causality test show that (i) the data is cross sectionally dependent and heterogeneous; (ii) carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, financial development, globalization, economic growth, square of GDP and urbanization have integration of order one; (iii) the examined variables are co-integrated; (iv) energy consumption and financial development contribute to the carbon dioxide emissions whereas globalization and urbanization have negative but insignificant relationship with carbon dioxide emissions; (v) supports the EKC hypothesis in BRICS economies; (vi) bidirectional causality exists among energy consumption, financial development, economic growth and square of GDP with carbon dioxide emissions whereas globalization and urbanization have unidirectional relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. Since these panel techniques account for heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence in their estimation procedure, the empirical results are robust and reliable for policy recommendations.

Use of distally based random flap in the management of soft tissue defects in upper two thirds of leg.

Objective: To assess the results of cases with complex wounds exposing tibia who were managed with distally based random flaps.

Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and Dow University Hospital, Karachi and comprised data between February 2000 and March 2013of patients who had been admitted with a recent or prior history of trauma with a soft tissue defect in upper two-thirds of tibia and who had undergone coverage procedure using distal based flap.

Results: The mean age of the total 21 patients in the study was 29±9 years, and 20(95%)were male.

Transfusion practice in orthopedic patients: do we really need it?

Objective: To determine the proportion of inappropriate transfusions in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery at a tertiary care university hospital, and factors associated with inappropriate transfusions.

Methods: The prospective study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from December 2008 to September 2009, and comprised patients admitted to the Orthopaedic Department and received transfusion of at least one packed cell. Patients were divided into four groups: A, those with haemoglobin < 7, B, haemoglobin 7.

Functional and radiological outcome of Intramedullary nailing vs. plate fixation for humeral shaft fractures. Does treatment method bring any difference?

Backgroud: Operative Management of Humeral shaft fractures may be accomplished with the help of Plate fixation or IM Nails. Controversy exists as to which modality is superior to the other in terms of fewer complications and better functional and radiological outcome.

Objective: To compare the differences in radiological and functional outcome of humeral shaft fractures managed by platefixation and antegrade intramedullary nails.

Effect of formalin fixation on surgical margins in breast cancer surgical specimen.

Margin analysis in breast surgery is an important predictor of local recurrence and can have vital impact on the postoperative treatment planning. Objective. The aim was to assess the mean reduction in the closest tumor-free surgical margin in millimeters of breast cancer specimens following formalin fixation.

Locking compression plate in musculoskeletal oncology 'a friend in need'.

Background: We are presenting our experience in the use of locking compression plate (LCP) after juxta-articular oncological resections in addition to its use in pathologic fracture.

Methods: A retrospective audit of skeletal reconstruction using LCP in 25 cases of long bone tumors was performed from 2008 to 2010. Reconstruction following limb salvage surgery was done in 17 patients and internal fixation of pathological fracture was done in 8 patients.

Effect of early release of tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty.

Objective: To evaluate whether tourniquet release intraoperatively is better than postoperative release in reducing overall blood loss, duration of surgery, duration of tourniquet, length of hospital stay, wound related complications and transfusion requirement.

Study Design: Comparative study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 2004 to June 2007.

Complex biological reconstruction after wide excision of osteogenic sarcoma in lower extremities.

Wide margin resection of extremity tumor sometimes leaves a huge soft tissue and bony defects in limb salvage surgery. Adequate management of these defects is an absolute requirement when aiming for functional limb. Multidisciplinary management in such cases is an answer when complex biologic reconstruction is desired.

Complications of total hip replacement.

Objective: To determine the factors causing complications in unilateral total hip replacement.

Study Design: Analytical study.

Place And Duration Of Study: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, between 2000 and 2010.

Preoperative cardiac evaluation in proximal femur fractures and its effects on the surgical outcome.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of cardiac risk stratification and preoperative cardiac evaluation on final outcomes in patients with acute proximal femur fractures.

Methods: This retrospective review included one hundred and three patients who underwent a preoperative cardiac evaluation prior to proximal femur fracture operation between 2004 and 2007 at a tertiary care hospital. Patients were divided into two groups.

Short term results of ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition resection arthroplasty for basal joint arthritis.

Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is the second most common site afflicted by osteoarthritis. Non surgical measures forms the first line of treatment with aim of preventing progression of disease, however, surgery becomes an option when symptoms are refractory to nonsurgical methods. Different procedures have been described in literature.

Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis for tibial plateau fractures.

Purpose: To evaluate radiological and clinical outcome of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for tibial plateau fractures.

Methods: 35 men and 6 women aged 19 to 75 (mean, 40; standard deviation [SD], 14) years underwent MIPO for displaced tibial plateau fractures. According to the Schatzker system, the tibial plateau fractures were classified as types I (n=3), II (n=9), III (n=11), IV (n=6), V (n=7), and VI (n=5).