The phenotypic spectrum of epilepsy associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia.

Background: Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) is a congenital brain malformation often associated with seizures. We aimed to clarify the spectrum of epilepsy phenotypes in PVNH and the significance of specific brain malformation patterns.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we recruited people with PVNH and a history of seizures, and collected data via medical record review and a standardized questionnaire.

Architectural control of metabolic plasticity in epithelial cancer cells.

Metabolic plasticity enables cancer cells to switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to adapt to changing conditions during cancer progression, whereas metabolic dependencies limit plasticity. To understand a role for the architectural environment in these processes we examined metabolic dependencies of cancer cells cultured in flat (2D) and organotypic (3D) environments. Here we show that cancer cells in flat cultures exist in a high energy state (oxidative phosphorylation), are glycolytic, and depend on glucose and glutamine for growth.