Microbiota Composition Associates With Mosquito Productivity Outcomes in Belowground Larval Habitats.

Vector mosquitoes are well-adapted to habitats in urban areas, including belowground infrastructure such as stormwater systems. As a major source of larval habitat in population centers, control of larval populations in stormwater catch basins is an important tool for control of vector-borne disease. Larval development and adult phenotypes driving vectorial capacity in mosquitoes are modulated by the larval gut microbiota, which is recruited from the aquatic environment in which larvae develop.

SEASONAL MOSQUITO PRODUCTION IN STORM SEWER CATCH BASINS OF THE NORTH SHORE SUBURBS OF CHICAGO, 2021 TO 2024.

From 2021 to 2024, the number of pupae found in storm sewer catch basins in the North Shore suburbs of Chicago were assessed as part of routine quality control and improvement efforts. Over the course of these 4 yr, pupae were collected at least once during all calendar months, allowing for some insight into monthly mosquito production in catch basins. Thus, the intent of this study was to use those data to describe the number of pupae found in these structures across calendar months.

Year-round Observations of Adult Culex Mosquitoes in Storm Sewer Pipes in the Northwestern Chicago Suburbs.

Over the course of three years, 200 ft to 0.75 mi (60 m to 1.2 km) sections of 3 larger (>6 ft [1.

Assessment of Truck-Mounted Area-Wide S-methoprene Applications to Manage West Nile Virus Vector Species in the Suburbs of Chicago, IL, USA.

West Nile virus remains the leading cause of arboviral neuroinvasive disease in the United States, despite extensive efforts to control the mosquito vectors involved in transmission. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of Altosid SR-20 (active ingredient, S-methoprene 20%) larvicide applications using truck-mounted ultra-low volume (ULV) dispersal equipment to target Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Cx. restuans (Theobald)larvae.

Reduced Potential for Consecutive Truck-Mounted Ultra-Low Volume Mosquito Adulticide Applications in Chicago Metropolitan Area Due to Weather Conditions.

To increase the effectiveness of adult mosquito control, more frequent ultra-low volume (ULV) applications have been suggested. In the Chicago area, weather may be a limiting factor to more frequent applications. To investigate this, ULV adulticidal application dates from the Northwest Mosquito Abatement District during June 2011 to September 2020 were compared to historical weather data-wind and rain patterns to determine optimum conditions for conducting ULV treatments.

Operational Basin Larvicide Evaluations in Northern Cook County, Illinois During 2019 and 2020.

Over the course of 2019 and 2020, 7 larvicide formulations for use in catch basins were evaluated using a standardized pass/fail protocol. A comparison between 1- and 2-pouch doses of VectoLex® water-soluble pouches (WSP; 10 g per pouch) and 20 g of VectoLex FG (loose granules) suggests that the WSP formulation may have a shorter duration than the FG formulation. Results also suggest that 20 g doses of each of 2 larvicides, Duplex™-G and Sumilarv® 0.

Standardized Back Checks of Catch Basin Larvicides Across Three Modes of Action in the North Shore Suburbs of Chicago, USA.

During June through September 2018, the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District evaluated a quality control protocol for larvicide-treated catch basins that allowed for comparisons of larvicides with different modes of action. Results suggest that when applied at a rate of 2 tablespoons (approximately 20 g of product) per basin, these larvicides (VectoLex FG , Natular™ G30 Spinosad, and Altosid Pellets Methoprene) could reduce the need for retreatment for up to 4 wk or longer. Using this same protocol, Spheratax SPH (50G) was applied to a subset of approximately 900 basins and met the threshold for retreatment 1.

Standardized Operational Evaluations of Catch Basin Larvicides from Seven Mosquito Control Programs in the Midwestern United States During 2017.

During June to September 2017, 7 mosquito control programs in the midwestern United States evaluated a total of 9 catch basin larvicide formulations using similar protocols. Treated basins were monitored among study sites to observe when larvicides failed to control mosquitoes in 25% or more basins within a site. Overall, when monitoring occurred within the maximum label duration of the larvicides, sites treated with a single larvicide tablet or briquet surpassed the 25% fail threshold more often than pellet and granular larvicide formulations.

An Operational Evaluation of 3 Methoprene Larvicide Formulations for Use Against Mosquitoes in Catch Basins.

Effectiveness in controlling mosquitoes in storm water catch basins in the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (northeastern Cook County, Illinois) was determined for 3 formulations of methoprene-based larvicides (Altosid XR 150-day Briquets, Altosid 30-day Pellets, Altosid 30-day Granules) in 2017 using a pass/fail evaluation criterion, in which emergence of a single adult from pupae collected from the basin constituted a control failure. Over the course of the 16-week study, basins receiving the 150-day briquets were treated once and basins receiving the pellet and granular formulations were treated every 4 weeks, with the first treatment occurring during the last week of May. Untreated basins were also observed for comparison with the treated basins.

Effectiveness of Five Products To Control Culex pipiens Larvae In Urban Stormwater Catch Basins.

Effectiveness in controlling mosquito larvae in stormwater catch basins in the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (northeastern Cook County, IL) was determined for 2 extended-duration larvicides indicating up to 180 days of control on their labels (Natular™ XRT, FourStar® Briquet) and 3 larvicides indicating up to 30 days of control (Natular™ T30, Natular™ G30, and VectoLex® FG). Over the course of the 26-wk study, catch basins receiving the extended-release products were treated twice (an initial treatment in early April followed by a re-treatment after 16 wk), and catch basins receiving the shorter-duration products were treated every 28 days, with the 1st treatment occurring during the 1st week in April. Control in an individual catch basin was considered to have failed if late-stage larvae or pupae were found in 2-dip samples taken from the catch basin.

Reduced productivity of Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in parking area catch basins in the northeast Chicago metropolitan area.

From June to September, 2016, 100 catch basins in eight parking areas were monitored weekly for the presence of mosquito pupae in the operational area of the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (NSMAD) located just north of Chicago, IL, U.S.A.

Variable Efficacy of Extended-release Mosquito Larvicides Observed in Catch Basins in the Northeast Chicago Metropolitan Area.

Since the mid-1990s, the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (NSMAD) has applied extended-release formulations of mosquito larvicides to approximately 50,000 catch basins in the suburbs north of Chicago, IL, USA. This is performed as part of NSMAD's efforts to reduce local populations of the West Nile virus vector, Culex pipiens. Analyses from NSMAD's monitoring of larvicide-treated basins throughout the District over the 2014 and 2015 seasons suggest that larvicides intended to provide extended durations of control (30-180 days) failed to provide control for the maximum duration specified on the product label in approximately 25% of the District's basins.

Small-Scale Trials Suggest Increasing Applications of Natular™ XRT and Natular™ T30 Larvicide Tablets May Not Improve Mosquito Reduction in Some Catch Basins.

Stormwater catch basins are commonly treated with larvicides by mosquito control agencies to reduce local populations of mosquito species capable of transmitting West Nile virus. Recent evidence suggests that extended-release larvicides formulated to last up to 180 days in catch basins may not be effective in some basins due to chronic flushing, rapid dissolution, or burying of treatment in sump debris. To investigate if increasing the number of applications could improve effectiveness, a small study was performed over 13 weeks in 2015 to evaluate two extended-release larvicides (Natular™ XRT 180-day tablets and Natular™ T30 30-day tablets) and a larvicide oil (CocoBear™).

Assessment of Reactive Catch Basin Larvicide Treatments Toward Improved Water Quality Using FourStar(®) Briquets and CocoBear™ Larvicide Oil.

Because it is often logistically impossible to monitor all catch basins within an operational area, local mosquito control programs will preemptively treat catch basins with larvicides each season. However, these larvicides can, ostensibly, be considered water quality pollutants. To experimentally reduce the use of larvicides toward improving water quality, 30 basins within a small 0.

Use of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Gravid Trap in Catch Basins: Proof-Of-Concept Trials.

Gravid traps are commonly used by mosquito control agencies to collect local populations of Culex pipiens, which are then tested for the presence of West Nile virus. Culex pipiens adults disperse a relatively short distance (~2.5 km) from their breeding site, so it can be challenging to position a sufficient number of gravid traps to accurately monitor these mosquitoes in large urban areas.

Observed loss and ineffectiveness of mosquito larvicides applied to catch basins in the northern suburbs of chicago IL, 2014.

In the northeastern part of the greater Chicago metropolitan area, the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (NSMAD) treats approximately 50,000 catch basins each season with larvicide tablets as part of its effort to reduce local populations of the West Nile virus (WNV) vector Culex pipiens. During the 2014 season, an NSMAD technician monitored a subset of 60-195 basins weekly for 18 weeks among the communities of the District for the presence of mosquitoes. Monitoring found no clear evidence in the reduction of mosquitoes with the use of larvicides, and visual inspections of 211 larvicide-treated basins found that the majority (162, 76.

Seasonal variation in natural abundance of 2H and 18O in urine samples from rural Nigeria.

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is used to measure free-living energy expenditure in humans. Inherent to this technique is the assumption that natural abundances of stable isotopes (2)H and (18)O in body water remain constant over the course of the measurement period and after elimination of the loading dose of DLW will return to the same predose level. To determine variability in the natural abundances of (2)H and (18)O in humans living in a region with seasonal shifts in rain patterns and sources of drinking water, over the course of 12 mo we collected weekly urine samples from four individuals living in southwest Nigeria as well as samples of their drinking water.

Evaluation of Culex pipiens Populations in a Residential Area with a High Density of Catch Basins in a Suburb of Chicago, Illinois.

The North Shore Mosquito Abatement District applies extended release larvicides including methoprene-based Altosid® XR Extended Residual Briquets to approximately 40,000 catch basins in the southern half of the District's operational area at the beginning of each season. Treatments begin in May and typically again 9 to 10 wk later when larvicide efficacy appears to wane. In 2013 spinosad-based Natular™ XRT tablets were applied to basins, and a subset were monitored for larvae and pupae weekly with a standard dipper.

Identification of larvicide-resistant catch basins from three years of larvicide trials in a suburb of chicago, IL.

The tens of thousands of catch basins found in many urban areas are a primary target of local vector control agencies for seasonal application of extended-release larvicides. A concern with using larvicides in these structures is that active ingredients can be hampered by high flows, debris, and sediment, all of which are common to these structures. As such a certain proportion of basins may be "resistant" to larvicide treatments due to site specific characteristics that may promote these and other factors that hinder larvicide action and/or promote mosquito infestation.

A comparison of FourStar™ Briquets and natular™ XRT tablets in a North Shore suburb of Chicago, Il.

Stormwater catch basins are the primary source of mosquitoes targeted by the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District, in the northern suburbs of Chicago. Over a 17-wk period (June to September 2011), 3 clusters of catch basins located within a 0.7-km2 area were monitored weekly with dipper samples of immature mosquitoes.

Bisphenol A (BPA) Found in Humans and Water in Three Geographic Regions with Distinctly Different Levels of Economic Development.

The suspected endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with the manufacture, distribution, and use of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics; thus, studies of this compound have focused primarily on urban areas in developed countries. This small study investigating urinary BPA of 109 people was conducted in the urban United States, urban Jamaica, and rural Ghana. Additionally, local drinking and surface water samples were collected and analyzed from areas near study participants.

Experimental use of Natular XRT tablets in a North Shore suburb of Chicago, IL.

In the northern suburbs of Chicago, stormwater catch basins are the primary source of vector mosquitoes targeted by the local mosquito abatement district, and therefore effective catch basin larvicides are needed. From June to September 2011, Natular XRT was applied at label rate to a cluster of 20 catch basins and compared to a cluster of 20 untreated basins all within a small 0.21 km2 area of catch basins known historically to have high levels of mosquitoes.

Ability of newly emerged adult Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes to exit belowground stormwater treatment systems via lateral conveyance pipes.

Culex quinquefasciatus Say mosquitoes flourish in belowground stormwater systems in the southern United States. Recent evidence suggests that oviposition-site-seeking females may have difficulties locating, entering, and ovipositing inside permanent water chambers when surface entry through pickholes in manhole covers are sealed. It remains unknown, however, if newly emerged adults are able to detect cues necessary to exit these partly sealed systems via lateral conveyance pipes or if they perish belowground.

Discovery of vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in newly installed above- and belowground stormwater treatment systems in San Diego County, California.

Stormwater treatment systems (STS) intended to mitigate the potentially negative public health and environmental impact caused by urban runoff are highly conducive to mosquito production. Thirty-one STS, 15 aboveground extended detention basins (EDBs) and 16 proprietary belowground systems newly installed along State Route 125 in San Diego County, CA, were inspected monthly between July 2008 and June 2009 for presence of standing water and mosquitoes. During the 12-mo study, standing water was observed in 66% of the 180 total inspections to EDBs and at least once in each of the 15 basins, whereas belowground systems held water year-round in permanent-water sumps.