Galanin regulates M1/M2 polarization of microglia after spinal cord injury through TRPV1/Ca2+/CaMKII/NRF2 signaling pathway.

Medicine strategies focused on reducing secondary injury and delaying spinal cord injury (SCI) progression by targeting M1 microglial polarization remain uncommon. Galanin (GAL), a neuroendocrine peptide, is encoded by the GAL gene. In this study, we demonstrated that administration of recombinant human GAL peptides in a mouse model of SCI significantly elevated transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor expression at the injury site through GALR2, substantially alleviating inflammation during the early stages post-injury.

Local release of fibroblast growth factor 21 and cannabidiol promoting spinal cord nerve injury repair through activation of cannabinoid receptor 2.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that leads to severe motor and sensory dysfunction, largely due to inflammation, neuronal damage, and disrupted neural circuits. In this study, we developed an injectable hydrogel (C/F/Gel) co-loaded with fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and cannabidiol micelles (CBDm) to enhance SCI repair. The hydrogel, composed of PF127 and α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), provides sustained drug release and improves drug stability at the injury site.