Infection Prophylaxis in Urological Diagnostic and Surgical Procedures - A narrative review and recommendations.

Objectives: In this review we will provide recommendations for surgical site infection (SSI) prophylaxis in urological diagnostic and surgical procedures.

Material And Methods: We performed a narrative review of the literature in PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, LILACS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration databases using the terms "infection," "surgery," "urology," and "antibiotic prophylaxis" Results: We suggest recommendations of prophylactic antibiotic in the follow procedures: prostate biopsy, Urethrocystoscopy, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) for Urinary Stones, endoscopic ureterolithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolitothomy, Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) and Prostatic Enucleation, Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT), Intravesical Botulinum Toxin Injection, surgical correction of female stress incontinence, Surgical Correction of Pelvic Organ Prolapse, urological prosthesis implantation and Open, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Urologic Surgery Conclusions: Consideration in SSI prophylaxis and the prophylactic antibiotic regimens in several urological procedures are show in this paper and will be useful to urologic practice.

The presence of prostate MRI-visible lesions at follow-up biopsy as a risk factor for histopathological upgrading during active surveillance.

Objective: To prospectively determine the ability of visible lesions on multiparametric MRI (PI-RADS 4-5) and commonly used biomarkers to predict disease upgrading on rebiopsy in men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) enrolled in active surveillance (AS).

Materials And Methods: For this prospective study, approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB), we selected consecutive patients with low-risk, low-grade, and localized prostate cancer (PCa) from our active surveillance (AS) program, who were enrolled between March 2014 and December 2020. Patients who had undergone previous prostate surgery, hormonal treatment, had contraindications for mpMRI, or transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy were excluded from this study.

Tumor regression after neoadjuvant hormonal therapy in high risk prostate cancer: pathological outcomes from a randomized phase II trial.

Purpose: High-risk localized prostate cancer (HRLPC) commonly progresses to metastatic disease after local treatment. Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (nADT) before radical prostatectomy (RP) has recently been suggested to improve early oncological outcomes in HRLPC. We aimed to perform an exploratory analysis of the pathological outcomes from a prospective trial testing nADT before RP.

Successful equine in vitro embryo production by ICSI - effect of season, mares' age, breed, and phase of the estrous cycle on embryo production.

This retrospective study aimed at identifying factors that contribute to the success of equine in vitro embryo production by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). A total of 7993 ovum pick-up (OPU) sessions were performed, totaling 2540 donor mares and semen from 396 stallions. Oocytes were aspirated at multiple sites in Brazil and were sent to the laboratory, within 6 h from OPU, in pre-maturation medium where they were in vitro matured (IVM) followed by ICSI and in vitro embryo culture for 7-8 days.

Effect of inducing accessory corpus luteum formation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin on the day of embryo transfer on fertility of recipient dairy heifers and lactating cows.

The objective was to determine the effect of inducing an accessory corpus luteum (CL) using GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the day of in vitro-produced (IVP) embryo transfer (ET) on pregnancy per ET (P/ET) and calving/ET in dairy heifers and lactating cows. Dairy heifers (11-15 mo of age; n = 1,547) and lactating cows (n = 1,480) detected in estrus by tail chalk (d 0) were used as recipients. Before ET, the presence of a CL was evaluated by transrectal palpation from d 6 to 9 of the estrous cycle.

miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in Penile Carcinoma.

Penile cancer (PeC) is a rare disease, and no prognostic biomarkers have been adopted in clinical practice yet. The objective of the present study was to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) and genes (DEGs) as potential biomarkers for lymph node metastasis and other prognostic factors in PeC. Tumor samples were prospectively obtained from 24 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.

Disruption of miRNA-mRNA Networks Defines Novel Molecular Signatures for Penile Carcinogenesis.

Penile cancer (PeC) carcinogenesis is not fully understood, and no biomarkers are reported in clinical practice. We aimed to investigate molecular signatures based on miRNA and mRNA and perform an integrative analysis to identify molecular drivers and pathways for PeC development. Affymetrix miRNA microarray was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) comparing 11 tumoral tissues (TT) paired with non-neoplastic tissues (NNT) with further validation in an independent cohort ( = 13).

Consensus on Prostate Cancer Treatment of Localized Disease With Very Low, Low, and Intermediate Risk: A Report From the First Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries (PCCCDC).

Purpose: A group of international urology and medical oncology experts developed and completed a survey on prostate cancer (PCa) in developing countries. The results are reviewed and summarized, and recommendations on consensus statements for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa focused on developing countries were developed.

Methods: A panel of experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 66 questions concern the principal areas of interest of this paper: very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries.

Treatment of Localized and Locally Advanced, High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Report From the First Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries.

Purpose: To generate and present survey results on important issues relevant to treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) focusing on developing countries.

Methods: A panel of 99 PCa experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 67 questions concern the main areas of interest of this article: treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this article.

Extended Versus Limited Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection During Radical Prostatectomy for Intermediate- and High-risk Prostate Cancer: Early Oncological Outcomes from a Randomized Phase 3 Trial.

Background: The role of extended pelvic lymph node dissection (EPLND) in the surgical management of prostate cancer (PCa) patients remains controversial, mainly because of a lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Objective: To determine whether EPLND has better oncological outcomes than limited PLND (LPLND.

Design, Setting And Participants: This was a prospective, single-center phase 3 trial in patients with intermediate- or high-risk clinically localized PCa.

Early Effects of High-intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Treatment for Prostate Cancer on Fecal Continence and Anorectal Physiology.

Objective: To evaluate high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) effects on anorectal physiology and fecal continence or constipation, and on quality of life (QoL).

Methods: We prospectively evaluated 26 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent HIFU. The Rome III criteria for functional constipation, the Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Score, and the Fecal Incontinence QoL Score questionnaires were answered before and after treatment.

Oncologic Outcomes in Young Adults With Kidney Cancer Treated During the Targeted Therapy Era.

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the outcomes of young adults with kidney cancer treated during the targeted therapy era and evaluate the impact of young age on survival.

Materials And Methods: We reviewed the records from 445 patients younger than 55 years with kidney cancer at a single institution from 2006 to 2017. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

Robot-assisted extended pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer. When and how?

Objective: To review the literature evaluating the role of the extended pelvic lymph node dissectione PLND during robot assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in the management of PCa patients, as well as the preoperative clinic pathologic factors that predict lymph node metastases (LNM). The technique and current outcomes of robotic ePLND will be presented.

Methods: Medline®/Pubmed® were searched up to august 2018 to find comparative studies of different anatomic limits of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during RARP, open or pure laparoscopic surgery that reported number of nodes retrieved, oncologic outcomes and complications.

MicroRNA-23b and microRNA-27b plus flutamide treatment enhances apoptosis rate and decreases CCNG1 expression in a castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line.

The acquisition of a castration-resistant prostate cancer phenotype by prostate cancer cells is the alteration that has the worst prognosis for patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the microRNAs-23b/-27b as well as the possible CCNG1 target gene in tissue samples from patients with localized prostate cancer that progressed to castration-resistant prostate cancer and in a castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). The microRNAs and target gene expression levels of the surgical specimens were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Predictive factors for prolonged hospital stay after retropubic radical prostatectomy in a high-volume teaching center.

Objective: To evaluate the length hospital stay and predictors of prolonged hospitalization after RRP performed in a high-surgical volume teaching institution, and analyze the rate of unplanned visits to the office, emergency care, hospital readmissions and perioperative complications rates.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in a standardized database for patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing RRP in our institution between January/2010 - January/2012. A logistic regression model including preoperative variables was initially built in order to determine the factors that predict prolonged hospital stay before the surgical procedure; subsequently, a second model including both pre and intraoperative variables was analyzed.

NARX neural network model for strong resolution improvement in a distributed temperature sensor.

This paper proposes an approach to process the response of a distributed temperature sensor using a nonlinear autoregressive with external input neural network. The developed model is composed of three steps: extraction of characteristics, regression, and reconstruction of the signal. Such an approach is robust because it does not require knowledge of the characteristics of the signal; it has a reduction of data to be processed, resulting in a low processing time, besides the simultaneous improvement of spatial resolution and temperature.

Design and characterization of a curvature sensor using fused polymer optical fibers.

This Letter demonstrates the application of polymer optical fibers (POFs) damaged by the fiber fuse effect to curvature sensing and dynamic angular monitoring. The curvature sensing performance using the fused-POF is compared to POF without the fuse effect. Both POFs are submitted to angles of up to 90 deg in flexion/extension cycles with angular velocities ranging from 0.

Evaluation of the Effects of Atorvastatin and Ischemic Postconditioning Preventing on the Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury: Experimental Study in Rats.

Introduction: Reperfusion injury leads to systemic morphological and functional pathological alterations. Some techniques are already estabilished to attenuate the damage induced by reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning is one of the standard procedures.

Polymer-optical-fiber-based sensor system for simultaneous measurement of angle and temperature.

This paper presents a polymer-optical-fiber (POF)-based sensor system for simultaneous measurement of angle and temperature. The main contribution is obtaining a sensor with higher temperature sensitivity and lower hysteresis on the angle measurements. The annealing was made on the fibers under the conditions of low relative humidity and under water, and a third set of samples without any heat treatment was applied for comparison with the annealed ones.

Low serum testosterone is a predictor of high-grade disease in patients with prostate cancer.

Objective: To evaluate the relation between serum total testosterone (TT) and prostate cancer (PCa) grade and the effect of race and demographic characteristics on such association.

Method: We analyzed 695 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP), of whom 423 had serum TT collected. Patients were classified as having hypogonadism or eugonadism based on two thresholds of testosterone: threshold 1 (300 ng/dL) and threshold 2 (250 ng/dL).

Determinism, chaos, self-organization and entropy.

We discuss two changes of paradigms that occurred in science along the XXth century: the end of the mechanist determinism, and the end of the apparent incompatibility between biology, where emergence of order is law, and physics, postulating a progressive loss of order in natural systems. We recognize today that three mechanisms play a major role in the building of order: the nonlinear nature of most evolution laws, along with distance to equilibrium, and with the new paradigm, that emerged in the last forty years, as we recognize that networks present collective order properties not found in the individual nodes. We also address the result presented by Blumenfeld (L.