Comparison of Cognitive Functions among Bilinguals and Multilinguals.

Background: Language is one of the most fundamental aspects of any society. It is how individuals communicate with one another, form relationships and foster a feeling of community. Language processing is one of the most common, yet complex, tasks we perform regularly.

P300 event-related potential in children with hypothyroidism.

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder, which adversely affects the developing central nervous system in the pediatric population. Despite treatment, patients may continue to experience neurological impairments such as cognitive dysfunction. P300 is an event-related potential (ERP) which is often considered as a marker for cognition.

Polysomnographic evaluation of sleep quality and quantitative variables in patients of hypothyroidism.

Background: Poor sleep quality is observed in patients of hypothyroidism. The patient complains of sleeplessness, excessive day-time sleepiness, snoring, arousals and breathlessness. The decrease in quantity and quality of sleep occurs in various degrees of severity in patients of hypothyroidism.

Effect of Yoga on Pulmonary Function Tests and Arterial Stiffness in Post-COVID-19 Mild Moderate Cases.

COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Long term respiratory complications secondary to COVID-19 have been described, which were not fully explored. The severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly infects endothelial cells, with inducing marked endothelial damage and inflammation contributing to increased arterial stiffness.

Neuroplasticity in Action: Transforming Brain Function through Neurorehabilitation.

The capability of the human brain to redeploy in accordance to the activities and experiences is deemed as neuroplasticity. As a result, neuroplasticity can be visualized as a required adaptation to all brain processes. Broadly classified into structural, functional, biochemical and behavioural neuroplasticity, structural neuroplasticity includes neurogenesis and synaptogenesis.

Four years on: Pregnancy and birth outcomes reported in the MSBase pregnancy, neonatal outcomes, and Women's Health Registry (2020-2024).

Background: Family planning is an important aspect of multiple sclerosis (MS), and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) management. Knowledge gaps remain, including optimal perinatal management strategies, and fetal risks associated with disease-modifying therapy (DMT) exposure.

Objective: To describe perinatal DMT use, together with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes prospectively recorded in the International MSBase Pregnancy and Women's Health Registry.

Bi-peaked R wave in HRV: A technical pitfall or ventricular pathology.

During routine heart rate variability recording in an elderly male, bi-peaked R waves were recorded consistently. Initially, it was thought to be because of technical issues, which were ruled out systematically; next, it was believed to have been caused by cardiac pathology, which was evaluated using ECG and echocardiography.

Lingual artery: Angiographic anatomy and variations review for neurosurgeons.

Background: The lingual artery (LA) is an important branch of the external carotid artery with a distinct course and vascular supply. However, the knowledge of the LA's angiographic anatomy and variation may represent an obscure area for practicing neurosurgeons. Inconsistencies in the origin, shape, three-dimensional orientation, exact course, and branches are key features of the LA, necessitating a better understanding of its detailed angio-anatomical characteristics.

Cognitive skills assessment in deaf and hard of hearing school children.

Introduction: Globally, 466 million (5%) are having hearing disability of which 34 million are children. In India, 63 million people (6.3%) suffer from significant auditory loss.

Validation of a Mathematical Model for Rupture Status of Spherical Intracranial Aneurysms.

Purpose: An accurate mathematical model of intracranial aneurysm (IA) mechanics is of great value for its potential utility in assessing probability of IA rupture. Such a model for spherical IAs has been developed which predicts a wall-thickness-to-IA-radius ratio (WTR) of 6.1 × 10 at which IAs rupture.

Serum and Urine Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer: A Mini Review.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and is a leading cause of death. In India, following lung and oral cavity, prostate is the third most common site for cancer. Rapid urbanization, changing lifestyles, increasing longevity and improved access to healthcare facilities are rapidly changing the traditional notion that India has a low disease burden when it comes to PC.

Neurofilament heavy chain in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Background: Biomarkers are needed to track progression in MS trials. Neurofilament heavy chain (NfH) has been underutilized due to assay limitations.

Objective: To investigate the added value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NfH in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) using contemporary immunoassays.

Vascular risk factors are associated with grey matter atrophy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Background: Comorbidities including vascular risk factors can be associated with whole and regional brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS). This has been examined in mixed MS cohorts in prospective or observational studies; however, the association between vascular comorbidities (VCM) in secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and brain atrophy has been less well studied. The aim was to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between VCM, comorbidity burden and brain atrophy in SPMS.

Targeted palliative endovascular embolization of a glomus jugulotympanicum tumor for refractory Jacobson's neuralgia: A case report.

Background: Glomus tumors around the jugular foramen and inner ear can have variable presentations, including lower cranial nerve palsies, tinnitus, hearing loss, or palpable neck mass. In general, these tumors are benign paragangliomas with the definitive treatment consisting of radiosurgery or surgery. Endovascular embolization can be added as a critical adjunctive therapy to reduce the tumor vascularity before surgical resection.

History of Cervical Spine Localization: Surface Landmarks.

Interest in the relational anatomy of the anterior neck among spine surgeons increased after the popularization of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the 1950s. Five surface landmarks and their relationship to specific spinal levels have been routinely described, comprising the angle of the mandible for the C2-C3 interspace, the hyoid bone for the C3 body, the thyroid cartilage for the C4-C5 disc, and the cricoid cartilage and carotid tubercle for the C6 body. We aimed to investigate the origins of these anatomic relationships and their application in modern practice.

Disease Activity in Pregnant and Postpartum Women With Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Ocrelizumab or Other Disease-Modifying Therapies.

Background And Objectives: Women with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at risk of disease reactivation in the early postpartum period. Ocrelizumab (OCR) is an anti-CD20 therapy highly effective at reducing MS disease activity. Data remain limited regarding use of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), including OCR, and disease activity during peripregnancy periods.

Inter-trial Variation in the Sensitivity of Thermal Threshold Testing for the Diagnosis of Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Thermal threshold testing (TTT) is a simple non-invasive approach for diagnosing diabetic neuropathy earlier. Conventionally the TTT is done in all four limbs and at least 6 trials are done to obtain the mean threshold, which is time consuming.

Aim: We propose to assess the validity and reliability of reduced number of trials of TTT in the lower limbs.

Arterial stiffness as a screening tool for cardiovascular risk in health and disease.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for approximately one-third of all deaths worldwide. The incidence of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infraction has been reported to be progressively increasing with age, especially with existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Assessing arterial stiffness indices may serve as a screening tool in identification of population at risk of cardiovascular diseases and assist in implementation of preventive measures and early treatment in this population.

Endoscopic Endonasal Occipitocervical Fixation with a Customized Three-Dimensional Printed Titanium Plate-Screw Construct: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of a novel method for occipitocervical fixation (OCF) through the endonasal corridor.

Methods: Thin-cut computed tomography scans were obtained for 5 cadaveric specimens. Image segmentation was used to reconstruct 3D models of each O-C1 joint complex.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for High Grade Meningiomas: A Systematic Review.

Background: World Health Organization grade II/III meningiomas frequently recur despite maximal safe surgical resection and adjuvant radiation. Notoriously resistant to medical therapy, no well-established guidelines for pharmacologic treatment currently exist. In recent years, a small number of clinical trials have investigated immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for patients with recurrent grade II/III meningiomas.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other neurotrophic factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their association with neuropathy.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased risk of morbidity and premature mortality due to its various complications. In an Indian study, the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in type 2 diabetic subjects was shown to be 29.2%.

Impact of smartphone on mental health among medical undergraduates: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Smartphones have become an indispensable part of almost everyone's life. India has now become the leading and second-largest Smartphone market in the world. It has been noted that the purpose of Smartphone usage has exceptionally changed over the past few years, especially among students, professionals, and the common man.

JN.1 variant in enduring COVID-19 pandemic: is it a variety of interest (VoI) or variety of concern (VoC)?

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, classified as a Variant of Concern (VoC) in November 2021, marked a significant shift in the COVID-19 landscape. This study investigates the subsequent development of a novel Omicron sublineage, JN.1, which displays distinctive mutations in the spike protein.