From co-design to co-production: Approaches, enablers, and constraints in developing a public health, capacity-building solution.

Introduction: Investigating how co-designed knowledge can be translated to co-produce a public health capacity-building solution for difficult-to-engage population groups drawing on the co-production experience of a prevention-focused, capacity-building mental health solution targeting primary producers.

Design: A qualitative study undertaken in rural and regional Victoria involving members of the design working group including project team (7px), digital design team (5px), marketing team (3px), and funding partner representatives. The study design involved reflective practice to collect data to identify the phases of co-production and assess the design working group members' experiences.

Participant perspectives of an online co-design process to develop a prevention-focused mental health and well-being platform for primary producers.

Objective: To explore participant experiences of an online co-design process to develop a web-based preventative mental health and well-being intervention targeting primary producers in rural Australia.

Setting: Rural Victoria, Australia.

Participants: Participants from a primary producer background, including horticulture, fisheries, animal cultivation and farm consultancy, were eligible for the study if they had participated in both the co-design and beta testing processes for a primary producer platform.

Translating Co-Design from Face-to-Face to Online: An Australian Primary Producer Project Conducted during COVID-19.

Primary producers face considerable risks for poor mental health. While this population can be difficult to engage in programs to prevent poor mental health, approaches tailored to reflect the context of primary producers' life and work have been successful. This paper reports on the co-design phase of a project designed to prevent poor mental health for primary producers-specifically, the advantages, challenges and considerations of translating face-to-face co-design methods to an online environment in response to COVID-19 restrictions.

Bifunctional Aptamer-Doxorubicin Conjugate Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier and Selectively Delivers Its Payload to EpCAM-Positive Tumor Cells.

The prognosis for breast cancer patients diagnosed with brain metastases is poor, with survival time measured merely in months. This can largely be attributed to the limited treatment options capable of reaching the tumor as a result of the highly restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB). While methods of overcoming this barrier have been developed and employed with current treatment options, the majority are highly invasive and nonspecific, leading to severe neurotoxic side effects.

Radiolabelled Aptamers for Theranostic Treatment of Cancer.

Cancer has a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, which continues to grow as millions of people are diagnosed annually. Metastatic disease caused by cancer is largely responsible for the mortality rates, thus early detection of metastatic tumours can improve prognosis. However, a large number of patients will also present with micrometastasis tumours which are often missed, as conventional medical imaging modalities are unable to detect micrometastases due to the lack of specificity and sensitivity.

EpCAM Immunotherapy versus Specific Targeted Delivery of Drugs.

The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), or CD326, was one of the first cancer associated biomarkers to be discovered. In the last forty years, this biomarker has been investigated for use in personalized cancer therapy, with the first monoclonal antibody, edrecolomab, being trialled in humans more than thirty years ago. Since then, several other monoclonal antibodies have been raised to EpCAM and tested in clinical trials.

Aptamers as potential therapeutic agents for ovarian cancer.

Current therapy for ovarian cancer typically involves indiscriminate chemotherapies that can have severe off target effects on healthy tissue and are still plagued by aggressive recurrence. Recent shifts towards targeted therapies offer the possibility of circumventing the obstacles experienced by these traditional treatments. While antibodies are the pioneering agents in targeted therapies, clinical experience has demonstrated that their antitumor efficacy is limited due to their high immunogenicity, large molecular size, and costly and laborious production.

Exploring educational interventions to facilitate health professional students' professionally safe online presence.

Objective: To establish the most effective approach and type of educational intervention for health professional students, to enable them to maintain a professionally safe online presence.

Method: This was a qualitative, multinational, multi-institutional, multiprofessional study. Practical considerations (availability of participants) led us to use a combination of focus groups and individual interviews, strengthening our findings by triangulating our method of data collection.

Development of a Bifunctional Aptamer Targeting the Transferrin Receptor and Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) for the Treatment of Brain Cancer Metastases.

The treatment of brain disorders is greatly hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which restricts the overwhelming majority of small molecules from entering the brain. A novel approach by which to overcome this barrier is to target receptor mediated transport mechanisms present on the endothelial cell membranes. Therefore, we fused an aptamer that binds to epithelial cell adhesion molecule-expressing cancer cells to an aptamer targeting the transferrin receptor.

Truncation and Mutation of a Transferrin Receptor Aptamer Enhances Binding Affinity.

Aptamers are proving their utility in a number of applications. However, to be easily functionalized, their structure needs to be simplified. Therefore, we sought to truncate a 50-nucleotide aptamer specific to the transferrin receptor to its smallest functional unit using rational engineering of the predicted two-dimensional structure of the longer parent sequence.

The Application of Aptamers for Immunohistochemistry.

Immunohistochemistry has helped to make surgical pathology the "gold" standard for tumor diagnosis. However, given the numerous problems associated with the use of antibodies for the staining of cellular markers in paraffin-embedded tissues, there is a requirement for novel agents that have the advantages of antibodies, but with few of the disadvantages. Aptamers, which are chemical antibodies, are highly specific and sensitive, like their protein counterparts, but display few of the disadvantages.

Food policy in the Canadian North: Is there a role for country food markets?

Food insecurity is widely reported to be at a crisis level in the Inuit territory of Nunavut, Canada. Various policies, programs, and initiatives have been proposed to tackle the problem, with increasing interest in developing a system of country food markets (CFMs) similar to Greenland. We examine if CFMs offer a feasible, sustainable, and effective model for strengthening food systems in Nunavut, examining the model of Greenland and drawing on semi-structured interviews with key informants (n = 45).

'Is it the crime of the century?': factors for psychiatrists and service users that influence the long-term prescription of hypnosedatives.

Given the longstanding controversy about hypnosedative use, we aimed to investigate the attitudes of prescribing psychiatrists and service users towards long-term use of hypnosedative medication, and their perceptions of barriers to evidence-based nonmedication alternatives. Qualitative data from focus groups in Aotearoa/NZ were analysed thematically. A novel research design involved a service user researcher contributing throughout the research design and process.

'Out of the frying pan': the challenges of prescribing for insomnia in psychiatric patients.

Objectives: Managing insomnia is a common challenge for psychiatrists and their patients. We have observed an increasing use of quetiapine as a hypnosedative.

Methods: We conducted an audit with the aim of establishing the prescribing patterns of local general psychiatrists in New Zealand, comparing them with established guidelines and determining the extent of the prescribing of quetiapine as a hypnosedative.

Reflections on training in psychiatry.

Objective: There is limited information as to whether graduates from postgraduate specialist medical training programmes in Australia and New Zealand feel prepared for practice, and none regarding the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists' (RANZCP) training programme. The aims of this study were: to assess the effectiveness of the RANZCP training programme in producing psychiatrists who feel prepared for their roles; and to obtain Fellowship applicants' perceptions of the training programme.

Methods: Applicants for Fellowship (i.

A review of protective factors and causal mechanisms that enhance the mental health of Indigenous Circumpolar youth.

Objectives: To review the protective factors and causal mechanisms which promote and enhance Indigenous youth mental health in the Circumpolar North.

Study Design: A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed English-language research was conducted to systematically examine the protective factors and causal mechanisms which promote and enhance Indigenous youth mental health in the Circumpolar North.

Methods: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, with elements of a realist review.

Cancer stem cells: A contentious hypothesis now moving forward.

Cancer stem cells are a progressive concept to account for the cell biological nature of cancer. Despite the controversies regarding the cancer stem cell model, it has the potential to provide a foundation for new innovative treatment targeting the roots of cancer. The last two years have witnessed exceptional progress in cancer stem cell research, in particular on solid tumours, which holds promise for improved treatment outcomes.

Aptamers as theranostic agents: modifications, serum stability and functionalisation.

Aptamers, and the selection process known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) used to generate them, were first described more than twenty years ago. Since then, there have been numerous modifications to the selection procedures. This review discusses the use of modified bases as a means of enhancing serum stability and producing effective therapeutic tools, as well as functionalising these nucleic acids to be used as potential diagnostic agents.

Patients' appraisal of psychiatric trainee interview skills.

Objective: The aim of this pilot project was to explore the extent to which judgments made by psychiatrist examiners accord with those of patients in postgraduate clinical examinations, so as to inform further consideration of the role of patients in such assessments.

Method: Senior psychiatrist examiners (N=8) and patients (N=30) rated 16 aspects of trainee psychiatrist interviewing style and performance during 30 observed clinical interviews (OCIs) conducted in the format of official examinations.

Results: Significant differences were apparent in the judgments of examiners and patients regarding 7 of 16 rated aspects of trainee performance.

Supervision in psychiatry: terra incognita?

Purpose Of Review: Supervision is accepted as a part of postgraduate psychiatric training programmes (at least in the western world). However, despite its ubiquity, it is little researched. The purpose of this review was to synthesize research on supervision in psychiatry in the last 3 years (2009-2011).

The low pass rate in the RANZCP clinical examinations: is the exam the problem?

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the role of supervision during psychiatric training in ensuring that registrars are adequately trained to meet the standards of the RANZCP examinations and to consider the implications for improving examination pass rates.

Method: Audiotaped recordings of 50 h of supervision involving six supervisors and thirteen trainees, obtained 2000-2003, were transcribed and analysed thematically in a qualitative study, informed by a postmodern, foucaultian perspective.

Results: Until an examination loomed, supervisors rarely required evidence of theoretical study or structured case presentations from their trainees.

Privacy, professionalism and Facebook: a dilemma for young doctors.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the nature and extent of use of the social networking service Facebook by young medical graduates, and their utilisation of privacy options.

Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional survey of the use of Facebook by recent medical graduates, accessing material potentially available to a wider public. Data were then categorised and analysed.

The use of botulinum neurotoxin type A (Botox) for headaches: a case review.

Chiropractic care is a common treatment sought by patients with headaches. As some patients may not benefit from this care, chiropractors must be aware of alternative management options. Botox has more recently become a common treatment for headaches.