Electrochemical Aerobic Oxidation and Cyclization of 2-Alkylbenzamides toward 3-Hydroxyisoindolinones.

In this study, we present an electrochemical method for forming C(sp)-N and C(sp)-O bonds from 2-alkylbenzamides, leading to the synthesis of 3-hydroxyisoindolinones. This reaction demonstrates broad substrate compatibility and can efficiently transform 2-alkylbenzamides with primary and secondary C(sp)-H bonds by using -BuNBr under open-air conditions. The proposed methodology provides a straightforward, efficient, and atom-economical route to access diverse 3-hydroxyisoindolinones (28 examples, up to 82% yield).

Electrochemical C(sp)-H Lactonization of 2-Alkylbenzoic Acids toward Phthalides.

Herein, we report direct electrochemical C(sp)-H lactonization of 2-alkylbenzoic acids toward phthalides. The reaction provides a wide substrate scope of 2-alkylbenzoic acids bearing primary to tertiary C(sp)-H bonds by utilizing a graphite anode, dichloromethane (DCM) solvent, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) cosolvent, and -BuNClO electrolyte. Our synthetic approach offers a simple, intuitive, and atom-economical protocol to synthesize various phthalides (25 examples, up to 92% yield) and obtain other 5- and 6-membered lactones (10 examples, up to 83% yield).

Visible-Light-Induced Organophotocatalytic Difunctionallization: Open-Air Hydroxysulfurization of Aryl Alkenes with Aryl Thiols.

Herein, we report a regioselective visible-light-induced organophotoredox catalytic difunctionalization method to prepare β-hydroxysulfides using aryl alkenes and aryl thiols as substrates. The reaction provides a wide substrate scope of aryl alkenes (from simple styrene to complex bioactive compounds) and aryl thiols (from diverse heteroaromatic thiols to nonheteroaromatic thiols) (total 45 examples, up to 88% yield). Based on the combined experimental and computational studies, we demonstrate that generated hydroperoxyl radicals from O in air react with benzylic radicals, which restrains the reaction between benzylic radicals and the acidic form of thiols in a classical thiol-ene radical reaction.

Single-Step Approach toward Nitrones via Pyridinium Ylides: The DMAP-Catalyzed Reaction of Benzyl Halides with Nitrosoarenes.

A single-step approach is reported for the preparation of nitrones from benzyl halides and nitrosoarenes via pyridinium ylides, utilizing 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) catalyst and mild reaction conditions (LiCO, dimethylacetamide, and room temperature). The reaction provides both keto- and aldonitrones in high yields with a wide scope for benzyl halides and nitrosoarenes. In the same reaction system, 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane, which does not have an aryl group, also affords the corresponding --butyl nitrones from primary benzyl bromides that have an electron-withdrawing group.

4-Dimethylaminopyridine-Catalyzed Metal-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Aryl α-Halo Esters to Aryl α-Keto Esters.

A novel, metal-free aerobic oxidation method is described. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) successfully catalyzed the oxidation of aryl α-halo esters to corresponding aryl α-keto esters (up to 95% yield) under mild reaction conditions (LiCO, dimethylacetamide, air, and room temperature). A mechanism has been proposed where the oxidation proceeds through a [3 + 2] cycloaddition between O in an air atmosphere and pyridinium ylides.

Highly Selective Synthesis of Hydrazoarenes from Nitroarenes via Polystyrene-Supported Au-Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Reduction: Application to Azoarenes, Aminoarenes, and 4,4'-Diaminobiaryls.

A selective synthesis of hydrazoarene from nitroarene and its application are reported. Using polystyrene (PS) resins as solid supports for Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), polystyrene-supported Au nanoparticles (AuNPs@PS) were synthesized and characterized. In the presence of AuNPs@PS (1.

Stakeholder perceptions of smart infusion pumps and drug library updates: A multisite, interdisciplinary study.

Purpose: Results of a questionnaire-based study to evaluate smart infusion pump end users' perceptions and understanding of the drug library update process are reported.

Methods: The Indianapolis Coalition for Patient Safety, Inc., in partnership with the Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, conducted a 33-item electronic, cross-sectional survey across 5 Indiana health systems from May through November 2017.

Synthesis of arbutin-gold nanoparticle complexes and their enhanced performance for whitening.

Arbutin, a natural polyphenol, possesses numerous biological activities including whitening, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, as well as strong reducing power, making it an ideal bioactive ingredient for preparing gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Previously, we developed a novel green, mild synthetic method for GNPs using glycosides such as arbutin as reducing agents and stabilizers. Herein, we optimized the synthetic method for glycoside-GNPs using arbutin, methyl β-D-glucoside, and phenyl β-D-glucoside and validated their whitening efficacy in vitro and in vivo.

Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol with gold nanoparticles synthesized by caffeic acid.

In this study, various concentrations of caffeic acid (CA) were used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (CA-AuNPs) in order to evaluate their catalytic activity in the 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction. To facilitate catalytic activity, caffeic acid was removed by centrifugation after synthesizing CA-AuNPs. The catalytic activity of CA-AuNPs was compared with that of centrifuged CA-AuNPs (cf-CA-AuNPs).

Determination of hydroxy metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls in plasma and tissue by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

This study examines a novel sample preparation method for the determination of 11 hydroxy metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in plasma and organ tissues, followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The clean-up method was optimized to eliminate the interference matter by using a silica column and 10 mL of n-hexane/dichloromethane (4:6, v/v) as an eluent. Solid-phase and solvent extraction procedures were used for the plasma and tissues samples, respectively.