The nickel dose-response relationship by filaggrin genotype (FLG).

Background: On skin contact, nickel accumulates in the stratum corneum, where it is probably bound to proteins and amino acids. One probable contributor is filaggrin, which binds nickel avidly. Filaggrin gene (FLG) null mutations lead to a complete lack of filaggrin production from the affected allele, and have been associated with an increased risk of nickel contact sensitization in German and Danish adults.

An analysis of gender differences in patients with hand eczema - everyday exposures, severity, and consequences.

Background: Hand eczema is often related to high-risk occupations and aggravating exposures in everyday life. The disease is twice as frequent in women as in men, partly because of diverse exposure patterns. Other gender differences may be relevant for treatment and prevention.

Fragrance allergy and quality of life - development and validation of a disease-specific quality of life instrument.

Background: Fragrance allergy is a lifelong condition that may give rise to permanent or recurrent contact dermatitis and may affect quality of life (QoL). The effect on QoL has not yet been investigated, and no disease-specific QoL instrument for fragrance allergy exists.

Objective: To develop and validate a disease-specific instrument to investigate QoL among fragrance-allergic subjects.

Fragrance allergy and quality of life - development and validation of a disease-specific quality of life instrument.

Background: Fragrance allergy is a lifelong condition that may give rise to permanent or recurrent contact dermatitis and may affect quality of life (QoL). The effect on QoL has not yet been investigated, and no disease-specific QoL instrument for fragrance allergy exists.

Objective: To develop and validate a disease-specific instrument to investigate QoL among fragrance-allergic subjects.

An immune response study of oakmoss absolute and its constituents atranol and chloroatranol.

Background: Atranol and chloroatranol are the main allergens of oakmoss absolute. However, the immune responses induced by these substances are poorly characterized.

Objectives: To characterize immune responses induced by atranol, chloroatranol and oakmoss absolute in mice.

Fragrance allergy and quality of life - a case-control study.

Background: Fragrance ingredients can cause contact allergy, which may affect quality of life (QoL). However, few studies have investigated this topic.

Objectives: To investigate QoL life among subjects with a fragrance allergy as compared with other eczema patients.

Systemic immunogenicity of para-Phenylenediamine and Diphenylcyclopropenone: two potent contact allergy-inducing haptens.

p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) and Diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) are two potent haptens. Both haptens are known to cause delayed-type hypersensitivity, involving a cytokine response and local infiltration of T-cell subpopulations, resulting in contact dermatitis. We investigated the systemic immune effects of PPD and DPCP, two relatively unexplored skin allergens.

Associations of filaggrin gene loss-of-function variants with urinary phthalate metabolites and testicular function in young Danish Men.

Background: Filaggrin is an epidermal protein that is crucial for skin barrier function. Up to 10% of Europeans and 5% of Asians carry at least one null allele in the filaggrin gene (FLG). Reduced expression of filaggrin in carriers of the null allele is associated with facilitated transfer of allergens across the epidermis.

Occupational contact dermatitis in hairdressers: an analysis of patch test data from the Danish contact dermatitis group, 2002-2011.

Background: Occupational contact dermatitis among hairdressers is frequent, owing to daily exposure to irritants and allergens.

Objectives: To identify sensitization to the most common allergens associated with the occupation of hairdressing.

Methods: Patch test results of 399 hairdressers and 1995 matched controls with contact dermatitis, registered by the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group between January 2002 and December 2011, were analysed.

No association between loss-of-function mutations in filaggrin and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality.

Background: Common loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) are a major predisposing risk factor for atopic disease due to reduced epidermal filaggrin protein levels. We previously observed an association between these mutations and type 2 diabetes and hypothesized that an inherited impairment of skin barrier functions could facilitate low-grade inflammation and hence increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We examined the association between loss-of-function mutations in FLG and diabetes, stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and all-cause mortality in the general population.

Consumer leather exposure: an unrecognized cause of cobalt sensitization.

Background: A patient who had suffered from persistent generalized dermatitis for 7 years was diagnosed with cobalt sensitization, and his leather couch was suspected as the culprit, owing to the clinical presentation mimicking allergic chromium dermatitis resulting from leather furniture exposure.

Materials And Methods: The cobalt spot test, X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine cobalt content and release from the leather couch that caused the dermatitis and from 14 randomly collected samples of furniture leather.

Results: The sample from the patient's leather couch, but none of the 14 random leather samples, released cobalt in high concentrations.

Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy--growing epidemic.

Background: The prevalence of contact allergy to the isothiazolinone preservative methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in combination with methylisothiazolinone (MI) and MI alone has increased in the last couple of years.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of contact allergy to MI, MCI/MI and benzisothiazolinone (BIT) among patch tested patients at Gentofte Hospital, as well as the use of MI in cosmetic products.

Methods: Patients patch tested with either MI, MCI/MI or BIT from 2010 to 2012 were included in the study.

Allergic contact dermatitis in Danish children referred for patch testing - a nationwide multicentre study.

Background: Although contact allergy among children was previously considered to be rare, data from the past decade have shown that it is common among children and that the prevalence may be increasing.

Objectives: To describe the demographics of all children referred for patch testing in Denmark during 2003-2011, to examine the frequency and relevance of positive patch test reactions, and to assess the most common allergens.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of the patch test data from the Danish National Database of Contact Allergy was performed.

Chemical intolerance among hairdressers in Denmark.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and the severity of fragrance-related symptoms among hairdressers in Denmark compared with the Danish general population. Further, to characterize former hairdressers who are severely chemically intolerant to fragranced products in relation to sex, age and health- and work-related reasons for leaving the hairdressing profession.

Methods: The study population consisted of all hairdressers who graduated from the public vocational schools in Denmark during 1985 and 2007 (n = 7840) and a random sample of individuals from the Danish general population (n = 6000).

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis diagnosed by a systematic stepwise exposure assessment of allergens in the work environment.

Background: Information on the presence of contact allergens and irritants is crucial for the diagnosis of occupational contact dermatitis. Ingredient lists and Material Safety DataSheets (MSDSs) may be incomplete.

Objectives: To evaluate the workability of a systematic exposure assessment in consecutive patients with suspected occupational contact dermatitis, and to study how it could potentially aid correct diagnostic classification.

Filaggrin compound heterozygous patients carry mutations in trans position.

More than 40 null mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene are described. It is therefore possible to find two different null mutations in one individual (compound heterozygosity). It has been generally perceived that homozygous and compound heterozygous individuals were genotypically comparable; however, this has not been scientifically investigated.

Categorization of fragrance contact allergens for prioritization of preventive measures: clinical and experimental data and consideration of structure-activity relationships.

Contact allergy to fragrances is still relatively common, affecting ∼ 16% of patients patch tested for suspected allergic contact dermatitis, considering all current screening allergens. The objective of the review is to systematically retrieve, evaluate and classify evidence on contact allergy to fragrances, in order to arrive at recommendations for targeting of primary and secondary prevention. Besides published evidence on contact allergy in humans, animal data (local lymph node assay), annual use volumes and structure-activity relationships (SARs) were considered for an algorithmic categorization of substances as contact allergens.