Specific FAHFAs predict worsening glucose tolerance in non-diabetic relatives of people with Type 2 diabetes.

There is a growing need for early biomarkers for Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Fatty-Acid-Hydroxy-Fatty-Acids (FAHFAs) are bioactive lipids with >580 regioisomers in human tissues. FAHFAs such as Palmitic Acid Hydroxy Stearic Acids (PAHSAs) are anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory.

Efficacy of Berberis vulgaris and Berberis integerrima on glycemic indices and weight profile in type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial lifelong condition. Berberis vulgaris (BV) and Berberis integerrima (BI) regulate glucose levels with minimal adverse effects. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluate the effect of BV and BI on glycemic indices, weight, and body mass index (BMI) against placebo.

Exploring alternative approaches to precision medicine through genomics and artificial intelligence - a systematic review.

The core idea behind precision medicine is to pinpoint the subpopulations that differ from one another in terms of disease risk, drug responsiveness, and treatment outcomes due to differences in biology and other traits. Biomarkers are found through genomic sequencing. Multi-dimensional clinical and biological data are created using these biomarkers.

Use of eradication therapy in adjunction to periodontal therapy versus alone for treatment of infections: a mini review.

Unlabelled: Approximately 50% of the human population on the Earth is estimated to be affected by the bacterium . which causes disease manifestations ranging from peptic ulcer disease to chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. It has been a struggle to contain this bacterium using conventional antibiotics due to rising antimicrobial resistance, which has made its eradication an even bigger challenge.

Ventilator associated pneumonia in intensive care unit patients: a systematic review.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common ICU acquired pneumonia among patients who are invasively intubated for mechanical ventilation. Patients with VAP suffer an increased mortality risk, financial burden, and length of stay in the hospital. The authors aimed to review the literature to describe the incidence, mortality, and microbiological evidence of VAP.

Risk factors & perinatal outcomes of major depression during pregnancy: A population-based study during 2010-2020 in two major cities of Pakistan.

Introduction: Ever since the world came into being different factors and circumstances contributed in a deteriorating fashion to mental health, and depression is the commonest of mental disturbance and incapability. We aimed to identify the risk factors for perinatal outcomes of maternal depression.

Methods: Data extracted was from two important cities of Pakistan i.

PAHSAs reduce cellular senescence and protect pancreatic beta cells from metabolic stress through regulation of Mdm2/p53.

Senescence in pancreatic beta cells plays a major role in beta cell dysfunction, which leads to impaired glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Therefore, prevention of beta cell senescence could reduce the risk of diabetes. Treatment of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of type 1 autoimmune diabetes (T1D), with palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), a novel class of endogenous lipids with antidiabetic and antiinflammatory effects, delays the onset and reduces the incidence of T1D from 82% with vehicle treatment to 35% with PAHSAs.

Distinct biological activities of isomers from several families of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs).

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Each FAHFA family consists of esters with different acyl chains and multiple isomers with branch points at different carbons. Some FAHFAs, including palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and insulin action to suppress hepatic glucose production and reducing adipose tissue inflammation.

Global deletion of NTPDase3 protects against diet-induced obesity by increasing basal energy metabolism.

Background: Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (NTPDase3), also known as CD39L3, is the dominant ectonucleotidase expressed by beta cells in the islet of Langerhans and on nerves. NTPDase3 catalyzes the conversion of extracellular ATP and ADP to AMP and modulates purinergic signaling. Previous studies have shown that NTPDase3 decreases insulin release from beta-cells in vitro.

PAHSAs attenuate immune responses and promote β cell survival in autoimmune diabetic mice.

Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs) are endogenous antidiabetic and antiinflammatory lipids. Here, we show that PAHSAs protect against type 1 diabetes (T1D) and promote β cell survival and function. Daily oral PAHSA administration to nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice delayed the onset of T1D and markedly reduced the incidence of T1D, whether PAHSAs were started before or after insulitis was established.

Adipose tissue dysfunction is associated with low levels of the novel Palmitic Acid Hydroxystearic Acids.

Adipose tissue dysfunction is considered an important contributor to systemic insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, a novel family of endogenous lipids, palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), was discovered. These have anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects in mice and are reduced in serum and adipose tissue of insulin resistant humans.

Methodological Issues in Studying PAHSA Biology: Masking PAHSA Effects.

PAHSAs are anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory lipids. Syed et al. identify numerous experimental differences that likely account for the failure of Pflimlin et al.

Evaluation of 2-m Pulsed Integrated Path Differential Absorption Lidar for Carbon Dioxide Measurement-Technology Developments, Measurements, and Path to Space.

The societal benefits of understanding climate change through the identification of global carbon dioxide sources and sinks led to the recommendation for NASA's Active Sensing of Carbon Dioxide Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons space-based mission for global carbon dioxide measurements. For more than 15 years, the NASA Langley Research Center has developed several carbon dioxide active remote sensors using the differential absorption lidar technique operating at 2-m wavelength. Recently, an airborne double-pulsed integrated path differential absorption lidar was developed, tested, and validated for atmospheric carbon dioxide measurement.

Palmitic Acid Hydroxystearic Acids Activate GPR40, Which Is Involved in Their Beneficial Effects on Glucose Homeostasis.

Palmitic acid hydroxystearic acids (PAHSAs) are endogenous lipids with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. PAHSA levels are reduced in serum and adipose tissue of insulin-resistant people and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Here, we investigated whether chronic PAHSA treatment enhances insulin sensitivity and which receptors mediate PAHSA effects.

Absence of Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein in Adipocytes Causes Systemic Insulin Resistance and Impairs Glucose Transport.

Lower adipose-ChREBP and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) are associated with insulin resistance in humans. Here, we generated adipose-specific ChREBP knockout (AdChREBP KO) mice with negligible sucrose-induced DNL in adipose tissue (AT). Chow-fed AdChREBP KO mice are insulin resistant with impaired insulin action in the liver, muscle, and AT and increased AT inflammation.

Feasibility study of a space-based high pulse energy 2 μm CO IPDA lidar.

Sustained high-quality column carbon dioxide (CO) atmospheric measurements from space are required to improve estimates of regional and continental-scale sources and sinks of CO. Modeling of a space-based 2 μm, high pulse energy, triple-pulse, direct detection integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar was conducted to demonstrate CO measurement capability and to evaluate random and systematic errors. Parameters based on recent technology developments in the 2 μm laser and state-of-the-art HgCdTe (MCT) electron-initiated avalanche photodiode (e-APD) detection system were incorporated in this model.

Stereochemistry of Endogenous Palmitic Acid Ester of 9-Hydroxystearic Acid and Relevance of Absolute Configuration to Regulation.

Lipids have fundamental roles in the structure, energetics, and signaling of cells and organisms. The recent discovery of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), lipids with potent antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities, indicates that our understanding of the composition of lipidome and the function of lipids is incomplete. The ability to synthesize and test FAHFAs was critical in elucidating the roles of these lipids, but these studies were performed with racemic mixtures, and the role of stereochemistry remains unexplored.

Exploring the potential impact of health promotion videos as a low cost intervention to reduce health inequalities: a pilot before and after study on Bangladeshis in inner-city London.

Background: Coronary artery disease is the single most common cause of death in the UK. For those born in Bangladesh but dying in England and Wales, coronary artery disease causes 25% of all deaths. Cost-effective solutions are required to address this burden.

Overexpressing the novel autocrine/endocrine adipokine WISP2 induces hyperplasia of the heart, white and brown adipose tissues and prevents insulin resistance.

WISP2 is a novel adipokine, most highly expressed in the adipose tissue and primarily in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. As a secreted protein, it is an autocrine/paracrine activator of canonical WNT signaling and, as an intracellular protein, it helps to maintain precursor cells undifferentiated. To examine effects of increased WISP2 in vivo, we generated an aP2-WISP2 transgenic (Tg) mouse.

Branched Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids Are Preferred Substrates of the MODY8 Protein Carboxyl Ester Lipase.

A recently discovered class of endogenous mammalian lipids, branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), possesses anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we identified and validated carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), a pancreatic enzyme hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters and other dietary lipids, as a FAHFA hydrolase. Variants of CEL have been linked to maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 8 (MODY8), and to chronic pancreatitis.

Double-pulse 2-μm integrated path differential absorption lidar airborne validation for atmospheric carbon dioxide measurement.

Field experiments were conducted to test and evaluate the initial atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) measurement capability of airborne, high-energy, double-pulsed, 2-μm integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar. This IPDA was designed, integrated, and operated at the NASA Langley Research Center on-board the NASA B-200 aircraft. The IPDA was tuned to the CO strong absorption line at 2050.

In vitro assessment of pharmaceutical potential of ethosomes entrapped with terbinafine hydrochloride.

The present study investigates the entrapment of terbinafine hydrochloride (TH) in ethosomal vesicles via unsonicated and sonication method. Carbopol 934P was incorporated in the best formulation, F6, obtained by sonication method. The formulated ethosomal gel obtained as such i.