Fine-tuning protocols for accurate study of nanoparticle adhesion and uptake after foliar deposition.

Understanding the interactions between plant leaves and nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial for advancing both environmental and the safety of plant protection products. Recent studies showed how the fate of NPs on leaf surfaces is influenced by NP properties, plant surface, and environmental factors. Yet, inconsistent methods for exposing leaves and measuring NPs uptake hinder reproducibility and comparability across studies.