Activity Coefficients of HCl in Solutions Related to "Tris" Buffers in Artificial Seawater. I. HCl + TrisHCl + HO from 1.0 to 5.0 mol kg Ionic Strength, and from 5 to 45 °C.

The substance Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol, CAS 77-86-1), and its protonated form TrisH, are used in the preparation of pH buffers in artificial seawater media for applications in marine chemistry. The development of a chemical speciation model of the buffer solutions has been proposed in order to quantify the effects of composition change on buffer pH and to address the metrological requirement for traceability of pH to SI base units. Such a model should be based upon data yielding solvent activities and mean activity coefficients (especially those of H with conjugate anions such as Cl or SO ) for aqueous solutions of single solutes (e.

Abscisic Acid Can Play a Dual Role in the - Pathosystem.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is not only important for plant responses to abiotic stresses, but also plays a key and multifaceted role in plant immunity. In this work, we analyzed the role of ABA in the development of resistance/susceptibility in the wheat ( L.)- Berk.

The Role of Cytokinins and Abscisic Acid in the Growth, Development and Virulence of the Pathogenic Fungus (Berk.).

Cytokinins (CKs) and abscisic acid (ABA) play an important role in the life of both plants and pathogenic fungi. However, the role of CKs and ABA in the regulation of fungal growth, development and virulence has not been sufficiently studied. We compared the ability of two virulent isolates (SnB and Sn9MN-3A) and one avirulent isolate (Sn4VD) of the pathogenic fungus Berk.

Batch-to-batch reproducibility for the primary pH method for the example of NMIJ carbonate buffer solutions.

At present, the National Metrology Institute of Japan provides six national primary pH buffers under the Japan Calibration Service System. Each batch of these buffers is certified by the primary pH method using a Harned cell. On the basis of these primary buffers, the designated laboratories supply the secondary and working pH standards using a high-precision pH meter.

Virulence Factors of the Fungal Pathogen Manipulate Hormonal Signaling Pathways in L. by Regulating Host Plant MicroRNA Expressions.

Background: Currently, the role of microRNAs in plant immune responses is being actively studied. Thus, our aim was to research the effect of (Berk.) NEs SnToxA and SnTox3 on the expression of miRNAs involved in the wheat- interaction and to determine the role of phytohormones in this process.

26D Triggers Induced Systemic Resistance against L. by Regulating the Expression of Genes , and microRNA in Bread Spring Wheat.

26D is a plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria capable of inducing systemic resistance through the priming mechanism, which includes plant genome reprogramming and the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNA (miRNAs). The phloem-feeding insect bird cherry-oat aphid L. is a serious pest that causes significant damage to crops throughout the world.

Plant-Associated and : Inside Agents for Biocontrol and Genetic Recombination in Phytomicrobiome.

Berliner () and sensu stricto Frankland and Frankland are closely related species of aerobic, spore-forming bacteria included in the sensu lato group. This group is one of the most studied, but it remains also the most mysterious species of bacteria. Despite more than a century of research on the features of these ubiquitous bacteria, there are a lot of questionable issues related to their taxonomy, resistance to external influences, endophytic existence, their place in multidimensional relationships in the ecosystem, and many others.

Components of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in the Implementation of the Protective Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on Wheat under Salinity.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional, gaseous signaling molecule implicated in both physiological and protective responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, including salinity. In this work, we studied the effects of 200 µM exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on the components of the phenylpropanoid pathway, such as lignin and salicylic acid (SA), and its relationship with wheat seedling growth under normal and salinity (2% NaCl) conditions. It was established that exogenous SNP contributed to the accumulation of endogenous SA and increased the level of transcription of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 () gene.

Additive Effect of the Composition of Endophytic Bacteria on Systemic Resistance of Wheat against Greenbug Aphid Due to Lipopeptides.

The use of biocontrol agents based on endophytic bacteria against phloem-feeding insects is limited by a lack of knowledge and understanding of the mechanism of action of the endophyte community that makes up the plant microbiome. In this work, the mechanisms of the additive action of endophytic strains 26D and 11VM on the resistance of bread spring wheat against greenbug aphid was studied. It was shown that 26D secreted lipopeptide surfactin and phytohormones cytokinins, and 11VM produced iturin and auxins into the cultivation medium.

New method for microRNA detection based on multimerization.

Detection of specific microRNA (miRNA) is of great demand due to their essential role in genes regulation, stress response and development of diseases. However, mature miRNAs are small molecules that make it difficult to use routine amplification-based methods. Here, we report an approach for detection of miRNA based on a new type of isothermal amplification, namely, multimerization.

By Modulating the Hormonal Balance and Ribonuclease Activity of Tomato Plants Induces Defense Response against Potato Virus X and Potato Virus Y.

Endophytic plant-growth-promoting microorganisms can protect plants against pathogens, but they have rarely been investigated as potential biocontrol agents and triggers of induced systemic resistance (ISR), regulated by phytohormones, against viruses. We studied the role of endophytic strains 26D and Ttl2, which secrete ribonucleases and phytohormones, in the induction of tomato plant resistance against potato virus X and potato virus Y in a greenhouse condition. The endophytes reduced the accumulation of viruses in plants, increased the activity of plant ribonucleases and recovered the fruit yield of infected tomato plants.

Reactive Oxygen Species in Host Plant Are Required for an Early Defense Response against Attack of Berk. Necrotrophic Effectors SnTox.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in plant immune responses. The most important virulence factors of the Berk. are multiple fungal necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (SnTox) that affect the redox-status and cause necrosis and/or chlorosis in wheat lines possessing dominant susceptibility genes ().

Endophytic Strain 26D Increases Levels of Phytohormones and Repairs Growth of Potato Plants after Colorado Potato Beetle Damage.

Plant damage caused by defoliating insects has a long-term negative effect on plant growth and productivity. Consequently, the restoration of plant growth after exposure to pathogens or pests is the main indicator of the effectiveness of the implemented defense reactions. A short-term Say attack on potato tube-grown plantlets ( L.

Current Developments and Challenges in Plant Viral Diagnostics: A Systematic Review.

Plant viral diseases are the foremost threat to sustainable agriculture, leading to several billion dollars in losses every year. Many viruses infecting several crops have been described in the literature; however, new infectious viruses are emerging frequently through outbreaks. For the effective treatment and prevention of viral diseases, there is great demand for new techniques that can provide accurate identification on the causative agents.

Ethylene-Cytokinin Interaction Determines Early Defense Response of Wheat against Berk.

Ethylene, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid are the key phytohormones involved in plant immunity, and other plant hormones have been demonstrated to interact with them. The classic phytohormone cytokinins are important participants of plant defense signaling. Crosstalk between ethylene and cytokinins has not been sufficiently studied as an aspect of plant immunity and is addressed in the present research.

Endophytic spp. as a Prospective Biological Tool for Control of Viral Diseases and Non-vector Say. in L.

Viral diseases and their damage causing significant loss to economically important crops have increased by several folds during the last decade. All the conventional approaches are not able to eradicate the viral infection. Therefore, there is a need to look for efficient and eco-friendly viral disease-preventive measures.

Endophytic Strain 26DCryChS Producing Cry1Ia Toxin from Promotes Multifaceted Potato Defense against (Mont.) de Bary and Pest Say.

Novel properties of a previously obtained 26DCryChS strain are described. The 26DCryChS strain is able to produce Cry1Ia δ-endotoxin from B-5351 and to exist in internal plant tissues of potato plants in the same manner as the endophytic 26D source strain (487 ± 53 and 420 ± 63 CFU*10/g, respectively). 26DCryChS, as much as the original 26D strain, inhibited mycelium growth of oomycete (Mont.

Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to RNA Viruses Induced by Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms.

Plant viruses are globally responsible for the significant crop losses of economically important plants. All common approaches are not able to eradicate viral infection. Many non-conventional strategies are currently used to control viral infection, but unfortunately, they are not always effective.

Bacillus Spp.: Efficient Biotic Strategy to Control Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables.

Postharvest diseases significantly reduce the shelf-life of harvested fruits/vegetables worldwide. spp. are considered to be an eco-friendly and bio-safe alternative to traditional chemical fungicides/bactericides due to their intrinsic ability to induce native anti-stress pathways in plants.

The influence of potato endophytes on Leptinotarsa decemlineata endosymbionts promotes mortality of the pest.

Plants are exposed to pervasive attack by diverse attackers, such as pathogens and pests. But plants have their own endophytic microflora as well as the attacking insects. These microbiomes contact face to face in the nature.