Wearable Devices Identify Altered Sleep Characteristics and Sleep Trajectories in Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background And Aims: Poor sleep is associated with flares of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Studies often rely on subjective assessments of sleep and disease activity. Our aim is to use wearable devices to objectively assess the impact of inflammation and symptoms on sleep architecture in IBD.

A multicenter study of the real-world effectiveness and safety of risankizumab in Crohn's disease.

Background: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of risankizumab (RZB) for Crohn's disease (CD) in routine clinical practice.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of a multicenter consortium of CD patients treated with RZB. Co-primary outcomes were week 12 clinical remission (Harvey Bradshaw Index [HBI] score of ≤4 or physician global assessment in those without HBI or with ileostomy) and 6-month endoscopic remission (Simplified Endoscopic Mucosal Assessment for Crohn's Disease of 0-1 or absence of ulcers).

Disparities in Rates of Multitarget Stool DNA Test Completion for Colorectal Cancer Screening.

Goals: The aim was to assess patient adherence to multitarget stool DNA testing as well as factors associated with adherence.

Background: In the United States, disparities in colorectal cancer screening exist along racial and socioeconomic lines. While some studies suggest that stool-based screening tests may help reduce the screening gap, the data for multitarget stool DNA testing is unclear.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients Presenting With Bloating as a Predominant Symptom.

Background: The estimated prevalence of bloating is 15 to 30% in the adult US population and is even higher in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs). Despite this frequency, there is little research into patients who endorse bloating as a predominant symptom. The aim of this study was to better characterize these patients.

Effectiveness and Safety of Tofacitinib for Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: The objective of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib in the treatment of moderate-severe ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central to identify articles and abstracts reporting efficacy or safety data on tofacitinib use in UC. Primary outcome assessed was remission.

New-onset depression after colorectal cancer diagnosis: a population-based longitudinal study.

Introduction: To date, no large studies examining the temporal relationship between colorectal cancer (CRC) and the subsequent development of depressive disorders exist. We aimed to assess the incidence of depression post-colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis.

Methods: To conduct this longitudinal study, we searched the large US population-based database, Explorys (IBM), from January 1, 1999, to January 1, 2021.

Analysis of Ureteral Diameter and Peristalsis in Response to Irrigant Fluid Temperature Changes in an Porcine Model.

It has been previously reported that warming irrigation fluid higher than body temperature may decrease ureteral spasm and thereby facilitate ureteroscopic access to the proximal ureter. Our objective was to examine the effects on ureteral peristalsis and ureteral diameter if the irrigant was warmed to just under the biological threshold for injury. Two female adult Yorkshire pigs were studied in this pilot study.

Route of intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of iron contained in the novel phosphate binder ferric citrate.

Background: Anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is, in part, caused by hepcidin-mediated impaired iron absorption. However, phosphate binder, ferric citrate (FC) overcomes the CKD-induced impairment of iron absorption and increases serum iron, transferrin saturation, and iron stores and reduces erythropoietin requirements in CKD/ESRD patients. The mechanism and sites of intestinal absorption of iron contained in FC were explored here.

Lipopolysaccharides transport during fat absorption in rodent small intestine.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are potent pro-inflammatory molecules that enter the systemic circulation from the intestinal lumen by uncertain mechanisms. We investigated these mechanisms and the effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on LPS transport in the rodent small intestine. Transmucosal LPS transport was measured in Ussing-chambered rat jejunal mucosa.

GLP-2 Acutely Prevents Endotoxin-Related Increased Intestinal Paracellular Permeability in Rats.

Background: Circulating endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) increases the gut paracellular permeability. We hypothesized that glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) acutely reduces LPS-related increased intestinal paracellular permeability by a mechanism unrelated to its intestinotrophic effect.

Methods: We assessed small intestinal paracellular permeability in vivo by measuring the appearance of intraduodenally perfused FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4) into the portal vein (PV) in rats 1-24 h after LPS treatment (5 mg/kg, ip).

FFA2 activation combined with ulcerogenic COX inhibition induces duodenal mucosal injury via the 5-HT pathway in rats.

Serotonin (5-HT), predominantly synthesized and released by enterochromaffin cells, is implicated in gastrointestinal symptoms such as emesis, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Because luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) release 5-HT from enterochromaffin cells, which express the SCFA receptor free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) in rat duodenum, we examined the effects of the selective FFA2 agonist phenylacetamide-1 (PA1) on duodenal 5-HT release with consequent bicarbonate secretion [duodenal bicarbonate secretion (DBS)] and on indomethacin (IND)-induced enteropathy. Intestinal injury was induced by IND (10 mg/kg sc) with or without PA1.

FFA3 Activation Stimulates Duodenal Bicarbonate Secretion and Prevents NSAID-Induced Enteropathy via the GLP-2 Pathway in Rats.

Background: Therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with enteropathy in humans and experimental animals, a cause of considerable morbidity. Unlike foregut NSAID-associated mucosal lesions, most treatments for this condition are of little efficacy. We propose that the endogenously released intestinotrophic hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) prevents the development of NSAID-induced enteropathy.

Effects of end-stage renal disease and dialysis modalities on blood ammonia level.

Introduction: Uremia results in a characteristic breath odor (uremic fetor) which is largely due to its high ammonia content. Earlier studies have shown a strong correlation between breath ammonia and blood urea levels and a 10-fold reduction in breath ammonia after hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Potential sources of breath ammonia include: (i) local ammonia production from hydrolysis of urea in the oropharyngeal and respiratory tracts by bacterial flora, and (ii) release of circulating blood ammonia by the lungs.

Gastrointestinal defense mechanisms.

Purpose Of Review: To summarize and illuminate the recent findings regarding gastroduodenal mucosal defense mechanisms and the specific biomolecules involved in regulating this process, such as glucagon-like peptides (GLPs).

Recent Findings: There has been a growing interest in luminal nutrient chemosensing and its physiological effects throughout the digestive system. From the ingestion of food in the oral cavity to the processing and absorption of nutrients in the intestines, nutrient chemosensing receptors signal the production and release of numerous bioactive peptides from enteroendocrine cells, such as the proglucagon-derived peptides.

Gastroduodenal mucosal defense mechanisms.

Purpose Of Review: To highlight recent developments in the field of gastroduodenal mucosal defense with emphasis on lumen-gut interactions.

Recent Findings: There has been a growing interest in the physiological functions of luminal chemosensors present from tongue to colon that detect organic molecules in the luminal content associated with nutrient ingestion, usually associated with specialized cells, in particular the enteroendocrine cells. These receptors transduce the release of peptide hormones, in particular proglucagon-derived products such as the glucagon-like peptides (GLPs), which have profound effects on gut function and on metabolism.

Disintegration of colonic epithelial tight junction in uremia: a likely cause of CKD-associated inflammation.

Background: Inflammation is a constant feature and a major mediator of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its numerous complications. There is increasing evidence pointing to the impairment of intestinal barrier function and its contribution to the prevailing inflammation in advanced CKD. Under normal condition, the intestinal epithelium and its apical tight junction prevent entry of the luminal microorganisms, harmful microbial by-products and other noxious contents in the host's internal milieu.