Construction strategies of whole tumor cell vaccines.

Whole tumor cell vaccines (WTCVs), which utilize the entire tumor antigen repertoire to elicit robust and personalized anti-tumor immunity, have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion. However, the development of WTCVs has very limited benefits in the clinical setting. This paper systematically reviews the cutting-edge construction strategies of WTCVs including dead tumor cell-based vaccines and engineered living tumor cell-based vaccines with a particular focus on the impact of structural integrity on the immune response of WTCVs.

Nano-strategies for Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Cancer immunotherapy.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one type of the most abundant immune cells within tumor, resulting in immunosuppresive tumor microenvironment and tumor resistance to immunotherapy. Thus, targeting TAMs is a promising therapeutic strategy for boosting cancer immunotherapy. This study provides an overview of current therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs, which focus on blocking the recruitment of TAMs by tumors, regulating the polarization of TAMs, and directly eliminating TAMs using various nanodrugs, especially with a new categorization based on the specific signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, HIF-1α, ROS, STAT, JNK, PI3K, and Notch involved in their regulatory mechanism.

Radiotherapy-Driven Nanoprobes Targeting for Visualizing Tumor Infiltration Dynamics and Inducing Ferroptosis in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) significantly hinder the immune response to tumor radiotherapy (RT) because of their massive accumulation in tumors after RT, resulting in immunosuppression and poor clinical prognosis. Herein, we developed an anti-PD-L1 antibody-conjugated iron oxide nanoprobe (FeO-αPD-L1) to target and induce ferroptosis in MDSCs, thereby alleviating RT resistance. Overexpression of PD-L1 in MDSCs following RT enables noninvasive magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography imaging using Zr-labeled nanoprobes to track the movement of MDSCs and their infiltration into the tumor.