Does food reward predict changes in weight and body composition during multidisciplinary interventions in adolescents with obesity? Bayesian and frequentist meta-analyses.

Background: A predisposition to elevated food reward may hinder weight loss success during multidisciplinary interventions. However, this has not been consistently demonstrated in adults, nor at all in children.

Objective: To test the associations between explicit and implicit food reward and preference at baseline and prospective changes in weight and body composition in adolescents with obesity.

Low-Carbohydrate Diets for the Management of Pediatric Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Context: Although low-carbohydrate (LC) diets have been shown to be beneficial for weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic health in adults with obesity, their efficacy in youth has not yet been established.

Objectives: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to qualitatively and quantitively synthesize the evidence from clinical trials testing the efficacy of LC diets to improve anthropometric and cardiometabolic-related parameters in children and adolescents with obesity.

Data Sources: Searches in Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were undertaken for LC interventions with or without control comparisons.

Standing or Very Low-Intensity Cycling as Sedentary Breaks: Does Physical Activity Level Matter?

Background: Active breaks and very low- to low-intensity exercises such as walking or cycling at an active desk have been shown to significantly counteract the negative effect of prolonged sedentary behaviors. The objective was to investigate the effect of physical activity level (PAL) on changes in energy expenditure (EE), heart rate, and substrate oxidation from sit-to-stand and sit-to-light cycling.

Methods: Fifty healthy young males and females (age: 23.

The Role of Meal Timing in Appetitive Responses to Acute Exercise in Adolescents with and without Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Physical activity has been shown to improve various aspects of metabolic health and is frequently applied as an intervention in the management and prevention of overweight/obesity. Chrono-exercise can be studied in relation to time of day and timing in relation to a meal, which encompasses chronology and duration of the temporal interval, but the latter has received limited attention to date. This brief review and meta-analysis investigates whether the timing of a meal subsequent to acute exercise in children and adolescents with and without overweight/obesity moderates eating behavior and appetite.

The effects of acute exercise on food intake and appetite in adolescents with and without obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence pertaining to consummatory and appetitive responses to acute exercise in children and adolescents with and without obesity (5-18 years). Articles reporting on supervised, controlled trials of any modality, duration, or intensity with laboratory-measured food intake were found using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane up to July 2023. Differences between conditions in laboratory energy and macronutrient intake, appetite sensations, and food reward were quantitatively synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses.

The Energetic Saver Profile From Sit-to-Stand Does Not Persist During Very Low-Intensity Physical Activity in Healthy Men and Women.

Background: It is essential to better characterize the energetic profile of individuals during very low-intensity physical activity. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether the saver profile from sit-to-stand persists during light physical activity and characterize patterns in substrate utilization from sit-to-stand and during very low-intensity physical activity in healthy men and women.

Methods: Sixty-two healthy adults (38 women) performed an experimental sequence that corresponded to 15-minute sitting (SIT1), followed by 15-minute standing (STAND), 15-minute sitting again (SIT2), and finally 15 minutes of light cycling.

The association between obesity severity and food reward in adolescents with obesity: a one-stage individual participant data meta-analysis.

Background: Food reward and cue reactivity have been linked prospectively to problematic eating behaviours and excess weight gain in adults and children. However, evidence to date in support of an association between degree of adiposity and food reward is tenuous. A non-linear relationship between reward sensitivity and obesity degree has been previously proposed, suggesting a peak is reached in mild obesity and decreases in more severe obesity in a quadratic fashion.

The Impact of Free and Added Sugars on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A relationship between excessive sugar consumption and cognitive function has been described in animal models, but the specific effects of sugars in humans remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the current knowledge, research characteristics, and quality of evidence of studies investigating the impacts of free and added sugars on human cognition in healthy participants. The review identified 77 studies (65 experimental trials, = 3831; 9 cross-sectional studies, = 11,456; and 3 cohort studies, = 2059).

Response inhibition training as an intervention to modify liking and wanting for foods based on energy density: a proof of concept study.

The ubiquity of energy-dense, processed foods has been implicated as a salient feature of the modern 'obesogenic' environment. Cognitive strategies, such as response inhibition training, have been demonstrated to reduce the hedonic value of such foods in previous studies. However, this effect has generally been inconsistent or heterogenous, depending on the outcome measure, characteristics of the sample, and the specificity of food stimuli.

The energy content of meals with a similar macronutrient distribution may have a greater impact on appetite sensations than food preferences in adolescents with obesity: A secondary analysis.

Purpose: The energy and macronutrient composition of a meal has been shown to influence postprandial appetitive responses, but it is not clear how energy content independent of macronutrient distribution affects postprandial appetite in adolescents with obesity. Extracting data from a primary study testing the effect of energy turnover on appetite, this secondary analysis assessed how fixed meals varying in energy content with similar macronutrient distributions influences postprandial appetite sensations and food reward.

Methods: Using a randomised, counterbalanced crossover design, N = 14 adolescents with obesity (M = 12.

Can smartphone-based response inhibition training elicit sustained changes in appetite, preference, and cravings for energy-dense foods? A free-living randomized controlled trial.

Background: Food-specific response inhibition training has been implemented as a strategy to modify food choices and reward-related eating behaviours, but short-term studies have produced equivocal findings.

Objective: To longitudinally assess the effect of a smartphone-based response inhibition intervention on food reward, hedonic eating drive, and cravings in a free-living setting.

Methods: 84 adults (M  = 30.

Higher energy flux may improve short-term appetite control in adolescents with obesity: the NEXT study.

Recent evidence suggests better appetite control in states of high-energy flux (HEF) in adults and lean children. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether this extends to youth with obesity. This study compares the effects of low, moderate or HEF on short-term appetitive control in adolescents with obesity.

Exploring acute and non-specific effects of mobile app-based response inhibition training on food evaluation and intake.

Previous studies have demonstrated that response inhibition training can modify the appeal of palatable and energy-dense foods, thus serving as a potential intervention for weight management, via changes in food selection and intake. However, empirical findings of efficacy have been inconsistent across studies due to heterogenous approaches to measuring salient appetitive outcomes, training implementation strategies, and sample recruitment. Systematic assessment of both affective and motivational components of food reward may help characterise to what extent devaluation can be generalised to nutritionally similar foods post-training.