The multifunctional role of bovine colostrum in managing diabetes: clinical insights and potential therapeutic effects.

Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic disorder characterised by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production, leading to chronic hyperglycemia and severe complications. Although pharmacological treatments exist, there is a growing interest in complementary therapies to improve glycaemic control and attenuate disease progression. Bovine colostrum, a nutrient-rich secretion produced after parturition, contains bioactive compounds such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), lactoferrin, cytokines and immunoglobulins, which have potential therapeutic effects on diabetes.

Glucosinolates in Human Health: Metabolic Pathways, Bioavailability, and Potential in Chronic Disease Prevention.

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are sulfur-containing compounds predominantly found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, kale, and Brussels sprouts, and are recognized for their health-promoting properties. Upon consumption, GSLs undergo hydrolysis by the enzyme myrosinase, resulting in bioactive compounds like isothiocyanates and specific indole glucosinolate degradation products, such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), which contribute to a range of health benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. This review explores the structure, metabolism, and bioavailability of GSLs.

Ultrasonicated Atlantic herring side streams as source of multifunctional bioactive and bioavailable peptides.

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ultrasonication, as a pre-treatment technology, coupled to enzymatic hydrolysis of herring side streams, yielding multifunctional peptide mixtures with antioxidant, hypotensive (ACE inhibitory activity), and hypoglycemic (DPP-IV inhibitory and GLP-1 enhancer activity) properties. The ultrasound pre-treatment modulates the biological activity of the hydrolysates, enhancing certain bioactive properties (antioxidant, ACE inhibitory, and GLP-1 enhancer activities, respectively) while reducing others (DPP-IV inhibitory activity). The study also highlights the importance of simulating gastrointestinal digestion and using Caco-2 cells to assess the bioaccessibility, intestinal bioavailability, and metabolic resistance of herring peptides.

Nitric Oxide in Parkinson's Disease: The Potential Role of Dietary Nitrate in Enhancing Cognitive and Motor Health via the Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway.

Background/objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the , leading to motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The pathological hallmarks of PD include Lewy bodies and mechanisms like oxidative/nitrosative stress, chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, plays a dual role in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration.

Functional Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Sarcopenia: The Importance of Physical Exercise and Nutrition.

Background/objectives: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in intercellular communication by transferring miRNAs and other macromolecules between cells. Understanding how diet and exercise modulate the release and content of skeletal muscle (SM)-derived EVs could lead to novel therapeutic strategies to prevent age-related muscle decline and other chronic diseases, such as sarcopenia. This review aims to provide an overview of the role of EVs in muscle function and to explore how nutritional and physical interventions can optimise their release and function.

The Role of Adipose Tissue and Nutrition in the Regulation of Adiponectin.

Adipose tissue (AT), composed mainly of adipocytes, plays a critical role in lipid control, metabolism, and energy storage. Once considered metabolically inert, AT is now recognized as a dynamic endocrine organ that regulates food intake, energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, thermoregulation, and immune responses. This review examines the multifaceted role of adiponectin, a predominant adipokine released by AT, in glucose and fatty acid metabolism.

Salivary proteomic profile of young healthy subjects.

The incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has been rapidly ramped up worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need to non-invasively detect NCDs possibly by exploiting saliva as a 'liquid biopsy' to identify biomarkers of the health status. Since, the absence of standardized procedures of collection/analysis and the lack of normal ranges makes the use of saliva still tricky, our purpose was to outline a salivary proteomic profile which features healthy individuals.

Lipidome Investigation of Carnosine Effect on Nude Mice Skin to Prevent UV-A Damage.

The lipid profile of skin is fundamental in the maintenance of the protective barrier against the external environment. Signaling and constitutive lipids of this large organ are involved in inflammation, metabolism, aging, and wound healing, such as phospholipids, triglycerides, FFA, and sphingomyelin. Skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation results in a photoaging process that is an accelerated form of aging.

Evaluation of the multifunctional dipeptidyl-peptidase IV and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory properties of a casein hydrolysate using cell-free and cell-based assays.

The objective of the study was the evaluation of the potential pleiotropic effect of a commercial casein hydrolysate (CH). After an analysis of the composition, the BIOPEP-UWM database suggested that these peptides contained numerous sequences with potential inhibitory activities on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive effects of these peptides were thus assessed using either cell-free or cell-based assays.

Antioxidant Effect Assessment and Trans Epithelial Analysis of New Hempseed Protein Hydrolysates.

Hempseed () is one of the most promising sources of plant proteins. It contains approximately 24% (/) protein, and edestin accounts for approximately 60-80% (/) of its total proteins. In a framework of research aimed at fostering the proteins recovered from the press cake by-products generated after the extraction of hempseed oil, two hempseed protein hydrolysates (HH1 and HH2) were produced at an industrial level using a mixture of different enzymes from , , and for different times (5 h and 18 h).

The Effect of Carnosine on UVA-Induced Changes in Intracellular Signaling of Human Skin Fibroblast Spheroids.

Dermis fibroblasts are very sensitive to penetrating UVA radiation and induce photo-damage. To protect skin cells against this environmental damage, there is an urgent need for effective compounds, specifically targeting UVA-induced mitochondrial injury. This study aimed to analyze the effect of carnosine on the proteome of UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblast, cultured in a three-dimensional (3D) biological system recapitulating dermal compartment as a test system to investigate the altered cellular pathways after 48 h and 7 days of culture with or without carnosine treatment.

Quality Assessment of the Protein Ingredients Recovered by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction from the Press Cakes of Coconut and Almond Beverage Preparation.

The manufacture of vegetal beverages has the drawback of producing large amounts of press cakes that are generally used as feed components. This work had the objective of valorizing the press cakes deriving from almond and coconut drinks production by using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to obtain protein ingredients for human use. Starting from coconut and almond press cakes, whose initial protein contents were 19.

Preparation, Characterization and In Vitro Stability of a Novel ACE-Inhibitory Peptide from Soybean Protein.

A soy protein isolate was hydrolyzed with Alcalase®, Flavourzyme® and their combination, and the resulting hydrolysates (A, F and A + F) were ultrafiltered and analyzed through SDS-PAGE. Fractions with MW < 1 kDa were investigated for their ACE-inhibitory activity, and the most active one (A < 1 kDa) was purified by semi-preparative RP-HPLC, affording three further subfractions. NMR analysis and Edman degradation of the most active subfraction (A1) enabled the identification of four putative sequences (ALKPDNR, VVPD, NDRP and NDTP), which were prepared by solid-phase synthesis.

Protein Profiling of a Cellular Model of NAFLD by Advanced Bioanalytical Approaches.

Advanced quantitative bioanalytical approaches in combination with network analyses allow us to answer complex biological questions, such as the description of changes in protein profiles under disease conditions or upon treatment with drugs. In the present work, three quantitative proteomic approaches-either based on labelling or not-in combination with network analyses were applied to a new in vitro cellular model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) for the first time. This disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance.

Investigation of the intestinal trans-epithelial transport and antioxidant activity of two hempseed peptides WVSPLAGRT (H2) and IGFLIIWV (H3).

A preceding paper has shown that a hempseed peptic hydrolysate displays a cholesterol-lowering activity with a statin-like mechanism of action in HepG2 cells and a potential hypoglycemic activity by the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV in Caco-2 cells. In the framework of a research aimed at fostering the multifunctional behavior of hempseed peptides, we present here the identification and evaluation of some antioxidant peptides from the same hydrolysate. After evaluation of its diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, a trans-epithelial transport experiment was performed using differentiated Caco-2 cells that permitted the identification of five transported peptides that were synthesized and evaluated by measuring the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS), and diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical DPPH assays.

Oxidative Stress Modulation by Carnosine in Scaffold Free Human Dermis Spheroids Model: A Proteomic Study.

Carnosine is an endogenous β-alanyl-L-histidine dipeptide endowed with antioxidant and carbonyl scavenger properties, which is able to significantly prevent the visible signs of aging and photoaging. To investigate the mechanism of action of carnosine on human skin proteome, a 3D scaffold-free spheroid model of primary dermal fibroblasts from a 50-year-old donor was adopted in combination with quantitative proteomics for the first time. The label free proteomics approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry, integrated with network analyses, provided a highly sensitive and selective method to describe the human dermis spheroid model during long-term culture and upon carnosine treatment.

Composition of the Protein Ingredients from Insoluble Oat Byproducts Treated with Food-Grade Enzymes, Such as Amylase, Cellulose/Xylanase, and Protease.

The manufacture of plant-based drinks has the drawback of a huge production of underexploited press cakes. In particular, the oat press cake is mainly used in feed formulation, whereas added-value applications in human nutrition are scarce. Considering that enzymatic treatments may be useful to improve the nutritional quality of these insoluble byproducts, this study aimed to evaluate whether the treatment with some food-grade enzymes, such as amylase, cellulase/xylanase, protease, and their combination, may be useful to achieve this goal.

Integratomics of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Treated with Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan very common in commercial products from pharmaceuticals to cosmetics due to its widespread distribution in humans and its diversified physico-chemical proprieties. Despite its extended use and preliminary evidence showing even also opposite activities to the native form, the precise cellular effects of HA at low-molecular-weight (LWM-HA) are currently unclear. The 'omics sciences currently in development offer a new and combined perspective on the cellular and organismal environment.

Investigation of Protein as a Source of Novel Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) Inhibitory Peptides.

() is a microalgae species with a remarkably high protein content that may potentially become a source of hypotensive and hypoglycemic peptides. In this study, proteins were extracted and hydrolyzed overnight with pepsin and trypsin with final degrees of hydrolysis of 18.7% and 35.

Trans-Epithelial Transport, Metabolism, and Biological Activity Assessment of the Multi-Target Lupin Peptide LILPKHSDAD (P5) and Its Metabolite LPKHSDAD (P5-Met).

P5 (LILPKHSDAD) is a hypocholesterolemic peptide from lupin protein with a multi-target activity, since it inhibits both 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAR) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9). This work shows that, during epithelial transport experiments, the metabolic transformation mediated by intestinal peptidases produces two main detected peptides, ILPKHSDAD (P5-frag) and LPKHSDAD (P5-met), and that both P5 and P5-met are linearly absorbed by differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Extensive comparative structural, biochemical, and cellular characterizations of P5-met and the parent peptide P5 demonstrate that both peptides have unique characteristics and share the same mechanisms of action.

Assessment of the Physicochemical and Conformational Changes of Ultrasound-Driven Proteins Extracted from Soybean Okara Byproduct.

This study was aimed at the valorization of the okara byproduct deriving form soy food manufacturing, by using ultrasound at different temperatures for extracting the residual proteins. The physicochemical and conformational changes of the extracted proteins were investigated in order to optimize the procedure. Increasing the temperature from 20 up to 80 °C greatly enhanced the yields and the protein solubility without affecting the viscosity.

Analysis of Narrow-Leaf Lupin Proteins in Lupin-Enriched Pasta by Untargeted and Targeted Mass Spectrometry.

The supplementation of different food items with grain legumes and, in particular, with lupin has been demonstrated to provide useful health benefits, especially in the area of cardiovascular disease prevention. In this work, label free quantitative untargeted and targeted approaches based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for investigating the protein profile of three pasta samples containing different percentages of narrow-leaf lupin flour were carried out. The untargeted method permitted the identification of the main acidic globulins (α-conglutin, β-conglutin, and δ-conglutin) and the comparison of their profile with raw lupin flour.

Assessment of the Multifunctional Behavior of Lupin Peptide P7 and Its Metabolite Using an Integrated Strategy.

LTFPGSAED (P7) is a multifunctional hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic lupin peptide. While assessing its angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, it was more effective in intestinal Caco-2 cells (IC of 13.7 μM) than in renal HK-2 cells (IC of 79.

Phycobiliproteins from (Spirulina): A New Source of Peptides with Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitory Activity.

(spirulina) is a cyanobacterium, which contains mainly two phycobiliproteins (PBP), i.e., C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and allophycocyanin (APC).

Recent Advances in Microalgae Peptides: Cardiovascular Health Benefits and Analysis.

There is now great interest in food protein hydrolysates and food-derived peptides, because they may provide numerous health benefits. Among other foodstuffs, microalgae appear to be sustainable sources of proteins and bioactive peptides that can be exploited in foods and functional formulations. This review considers protein hydrolysates and individual peptides that may be relevant in cardiovascular disease prevention because they mimic the functions of mediators involved in pathologic processes that represent relevant risk factors for cardiovascular disease development, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative status.