Distribution of Surface-Layer Prokaryotes in the Western Arctic Ocean: Responses to Pacific Water Inflow and Sea Ice Melting.

Here, we evaluated how microbial community composition and functions vary along the path of Pacific water inflow, starting from the Bering Sea via the Chukchi Sea to the central Arctic Ocean. Our findings reveal that the inflow of Pacific water and sea ice melt significantly influence the environmental settings of the western Arctic Ocean, resulting in distinct prokaryotic communities with varied distribution patterns between the open Chukchi Sea and the Ice-covered central Arctic Ocean. The heterotrophic populations reliant on phytoplankton predominated in the Bering Sea and Southern Chukchi Sea, while in the Central Arctic Ocean, chemoautotrophic bacteria and archaea contributed equally with heterotrophic populations adapted to oligotrophic conditions.

Combined herbal medicine (A. bidentata, G. elata, and C. sinensis) increases anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of motor neurons, finally leading to death by respiratory failure. However, no effective drug is available for treating patients with ALS owing to the complex pathological mechanisms. Herbal medicines are globally known for the effects of their multiple bioactive components and lack of adverse effects.

Interannual variability in terrestrial dissolved organic matter advection to the eastern East Siberian Sea under contrasting Beaufort Gyre conditions.

Recent changes in Arctic Ocean circulation, particularly the weakening of the Beaufort Gyre (BG), have potentially significant implications for biogeochemical cycles. This study investigates how interannual BG variability influences the distribution of river water and terrestrial-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the western Arctic Ocean by comparing observations from two contrasting years: 2019 (maximum BG strength: 0.48 × 10) and 2022 (minimum BG strength: 0.

Biochemical properties and vertical distribution of particulate organic carbon in the northern Chukchi Sea.

The vertical dynamics of biopolymeric carbon (BPC) components are essential for understanding their role in the biological pump and carbon cycling. However, little research has addressed their distribution and transformation across the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic zones, particularly in the northern Chukchi Sea. This study investigated the contributions to particulate organic carbon (POC), reduction rates, and vertical distribution of BPC components, including carbohydrate carbon (CHO-C), protein carbon (PRT-C), and lipid carbon (LIP-C), across the Mendeleev Ridge (MR), Chukchi Basin (CB), and Northwind Basin (NB), along with analyzing potential factors influencing the distribution patterns of BPC components and POC.

Atlantification advances into the Amerasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean.

Atlantification-the northward inflow of anomalous waters and biota from the Atlantic into the polar basins-has wide-ranging climatological ramifications. We present previously unknown observational evidence that the atlantification processes are strengthening in the eastern Eurasian Basin. The primary example is the diminishing sea ice, which is related to a powerful ocean-heat/ice-albedo feedback, which accelerates sea-ice losses.

Herbal Medicine Extracts Improve Motor Function by Anti-Inflammatory Activity in hSOD1 Animal Model.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multicomplex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron death, muscle atrophy, and respiratory failure. Owing to its multicomplex mechanisms and multifactorial nature in the skeletal muscle and spinal cord (SC), no effective therapy has been developed. However, herbal medicines, known for their multitarget properties, have demonstrated promising efficacy with limited side effects in treating various diseases.

Herbal Formula Extract Ameliorates Anxiety and Cognitive Impairment via Regulation of the Reelin/Dab-1 Pathway in a Murine Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

We investigated the effects of epigenetic modifications on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using a novel combination of herbal medicines from , , , and . The herbal formula extract (HFE) (250 mg/kg) was administered orally once daily for 14 days to determine its effects on PTSD in mice by combining prolonged stress and foot shock. The open field and Y-maze tests determined the effect of HFE on PTSD-induced anxiety and cognition.

Near surface oxidation of elemental mercury leads to mercury exposure in the Arctic Ocean biota.

Atmospheric mercury (Hg(0), Hg(II)) and riverine exported Hg (Hg(II)) are proposed as important Hg sources to the Arctic Ocean. As plankton cannot passively uptake Hg(0), gaseous Hg(0) has to be oxidized to be bioavailable. Here, we measured Hg isotope ratios in zooplankton, Arctic cod, total gaseous Hg, sediment, seawater, and snowpack from the Bering Strait, the Chukchi Sea, and the Beaufort Sea.

Hominis Placenta modulates PTSD-like behaviors in SPSS-induced PTSD mice: Regulating energy metabolism and neuronal activity.

The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include re-experiencing trauma, avoidance behaviors, negative alterations in cognition and mood. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) and dysregulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems were shown during PTSD.

Role of endoscopy in eosinophilic esophagitis.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated disease involving inflammation of the esophagus. Endoscopy is essential in the diagnosis and treatment of EoE and shows typical findings, including esophageal edema, rings, exudates, furrows, and stenosis. However, studies involving pediatric and adult patients with EoE suggest that even a normally appearing esophagus can be diagnosed as EoE by endoscopic biopsy.

Feasibility and usefulness of cognitive monitoring using a new home-based cognitive test in mild cognitive impairment: a prospective single arm study.

Background: The risk of dementia is increased in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Despite the plethora of in-person cognitive tests, those that can be administered over the phone are lacking. We hypothesized that a home-based cognitive test (HCT) using phone calls would be feasible and useful in non-demented elderly.

Insight into the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity based on spatial variations in pelagic ciliate communities along the western Arctic Ocean.

The latitudinal dynamics of biodiversity has been the focus of global attention. This study is based on the latitude gradient of biodiversity in the spatial changes of pelagic ciliate communities in the western Arctic Ocean. The gradient pattern of pelagic ciliate communities across four latitudes were investigated from the water surface at 22 sampling station in the northern Bering Sea of the western Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea from August 5 to August 24, 2016.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Extract in an ALS Animal Model.

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a systemic disease with multiple pathological effects, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Despite many studies seeking to identify and develop effective therapies, effective ALS treatment has yet to be approved. Hence, patients with ALS ultimately experience muscle atrophy and loss of motor neurons.

Transcriptomic Insights into Archaeal Nitrification in the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica.

Antarctic polynyas have the highest Southern Ocean summer primary productivity, and due to anthropogenic climate change, these areas have formed faster recently. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are among the most ubiquitous and abundant microorganisms in the ocean and play a primary role in the global nitrogen cycle. We utilized metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to gain insights into the physiology and metabolism of AOA in polar oceans, which are associated with ecosystem functioning.

Salinity-controlled distribution of prokaryotic communities in the Arctic sea-ice melt ponds.

The thawing of snow and sea ice produces distinctive melt ponds on the surface of the Arctic sea ice, which covers a significant portion of the surface sea ice during summer. Melt-pond salinity impacts heat transfer to the ice below and the melting rate. It is widely known that melt ponds play a significant role in heat fluxes, ice-albedo feedback, and sea-ice energy balance.

Electroacupuncture modulates glutamate neurotransmission to alleviate PTSD-like behaviors in a PTSD animal model.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Owing to the relatively low rates of response and remission with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as the primary treatment for PTSD, there is a recognized need for alternative strategies to effectively address the symptoms of PTSD. Dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission plays a critical role in various disorders, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and Alzheimer's disease.

Atlantic-origin water extension into the Pacific Arctic induced an anomalous biogeochemical event.

The Arctic Ocean is facing dramatic environmental and ecosystem changes. In this context, an international multiship survey project was undertaken in 2020 to obtain current baseline data. During the survey, unusually low dissolved oxygen and acidified water were found in a high-seas fishable area of the western (Pacific-side) Arctic Ocean.

Combined Treatment with Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhong Yiqi Decoction) and Riluzole Attenuates Cell Death in TDP-43-Expressing Cells.

Objective: To examine the effect of combined treatment with Bojungikgi-tang (BJIGT, Buzhong Yiqi Decoction) and riluzole (RZ) in transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) stress granule (SG) cells, a amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cell line using transcriptomic and molecular techniques.

Methods: TDP-43 SG cells were pretreated with BJIGT (100 µg/mL), RZ (50 µmol/L), and combined BJIGT (100 µg/mL)/RZ (50 µmol/L) for 6 h before treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 200 µmol/L). Cell viability assay was performed to elucidate cell toxicity in TDP-43 SC cells using a cell-counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay kit.

Novel Psychopharmacological Herbs Relieve Behavioral Abnormalities and Hippocampal Dysfunctions in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by traumatic or frightening events, with intensified anxiety, fear memories, and cognitive impairment caused by a dysfunctional hippocampus. Owing to its complex phenotype, currently prescribed treatments for PTSD are limited. This study investigated the psychopharmacological effects of novel COMBINATION herbal medicines on the hippocampus of a PTSD murine model induced by combining single prolonged stress (SPS) and foot shock (FS).

Vertical segregation and phylogenetic characterization of archaea and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase gene in the water column of the western Arctic Ocean.

Archaea constitute a substantial fraction of marine microbial biomass and play critical roles in the biogeochemistry of oceans. However, studies on their distribution and ecology in the Arctic Ocean are relatively scarce. Here, we studied the distributions of archaea and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene in the western Arctic Ocean, using the amplicon sequencing approach from the sea surface to deep waters up to 3040 m depth.

Arctic Ocean sediments as important current and future sinks for marine microplastics missing in the global microplastic budget.

To better understand unexpectedly low plastic loads at the ocean's surface compared with inputs, unidentified sinks must be located. Here, we present the microplastic (MP) budget for multi-compartments in the western Arctic Ocean (WAO) and demonstrate that Arctic sediments serve as important current and future sinks for MPs missing from the global budget. We identified an increase of 3% year in MP deposition from sediment core observations.

RNA outperforms DNA-based metabarcoding in assessing the diversity and response of microeukaryotes to environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean.

The Arctic Ocean (AO) has a harsh environment characterized by low temperatures, extensive ice coverage, and periodic freezing and melting of sea ice, which has provided diverse habitats for microorganisms. Prior studies primarily focused on microeukaryote communities in the upper water or sea ice based on environmental DNA, leaving the composition of active microeukaryotes in the diverse AO environments largely unknown. This study provided a vertical assessment of microeukaryote communities in the AO from snow and ice to sea water at a depth of 1670 m using high-throughput sequencing of co-extracted DNA and RNA.

Factors affecting the subsurface aragonite undersaturation layer in the Pacific Arctic region.

This study evaluated interannual variation in the subsurface aragonite undersaturation zone (Ω layer) in the Pacific Arctic Ocean, using data from the 2016-2019 period. The upper boundary (DEP) of the Ω layer generally formed at a depth where the contribution of corrosive Pacific water was approximately 98 %. The intensity of the Beaufort Gyre associated with freshwater accumulation mainly determined interannual variation in DEP, but the direction of its effect was opposite west and east of ~166°W.