Chitosan-selenium nanoparticles suppress infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus through immune modulation and viral replication inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is one of the most challenging diseases causing substantial financial losses in global aquaculture. However, effective strategies for controlling ISKNV infections in ornamental fish are lacking. In this study, chitosan-selenium nanoparticles (CTS-SeNPs) were synthesized and evaluated as potential strategies for controlling ISKNV infection.

Long-term controlled release with reduced initial burst release utilizing calcium ion-triggering nanoaggregates of pasireotide-loaded fattigated albumin nanoparticles.

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term controlled release of peptide-loaded fattigated albumin nanoparticles via calcium ion-triggering nanoaggregation with minimal initial burst release. Fattigated albumin nanoparticles were prepared via sonication by the self-assembly of human serum albumin (HSA)-oleic acid conjugates (AOC) with three different substitution ratios of oleic acid (OA) to modulate hydrophobicity. Then, pasireotide pamoate (PAS) as a model peptide was encapsulated into the hydrophobic core of HSA-OA nanoparticles (PAS-AONs).

Development and validation of reverse-transcription cross-priming amplification-based lateral flow assay for the detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus.

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) severely and lethally infects salmonid fish, including Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) worldwide. Rapid and accurate viral detection is crucial for preventing pathogen spread and minimizing damage. Although several IHNV detection assays have been developed, their analytical and diagnostic performances have not been evaluated and field usability assessments have not been completely validated.

Effects on viral suppression and the early-immune expression of ribavirin against spring viremia of carp virus in vitro.

Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a globally distributed virus that causes severe clinical symptoms and high mortality in fish belonging to the families Cyprinidae and Siluridae. To protect the host against viral infection, understanding the relatedness between viral susceptibility and antiviral mechanisms must be crucial. Thus, we evaluated the viral suppression efficacy of ribavirin by measuring the transcription levels of viral and immune genes in vitro.

In Vitro Viral Recovery Yields under Different Re-Suspension Buffers in Iron Flocculation to Concentrate Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype IVa in Seawater.

Iron flocculation is widely used to concentrate viruses in water, followed by Fe-virus flocculate formation, collection, and elution. In the elution stage, an oxalic or ascorbic acid re-suspension buffer dissolved iron hydroxide. After the concentration of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in seawater (1 × 10 to 1 × 10 viral genome copies or plaque-forming unit (PFU)/mL), the recovery yield of the viral genome using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and viral infectivity using the plaque assay were investigated to evaluate the validity of the two re-suspension buffers to concentrate VHSV.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antiviral activity of arctigenin, ribavirin, and ivermectin against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection.

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) causes a severe and often lethal infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea, resulting in mass mortality and substantial economic loss. As a potential prevention strategy for infectious viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of three compounds (arctigenin [ARG], ribavirin [RBV], and ivermectin [IVM]) against VHSV infection in vitro and in vivo. In epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells, the expression of both VHSV glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes were significantly suppressed by the three compounds in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.

Application of iron flocculation to concentrate white spot syndrome virus in seawater.

The iron flocculation method, which comprises the Fe-virus flocculate formation-filtration-resuspension steps, is extensively used to concentrate and precipitate viruses distributed in water. To apply this method to concentrate white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in seawater, viral genomic and infective recovery yields were compared between polyethylene sulfone (PES) and polycarbonate (PC) membrane filters and two types of resuspension buffers (oxalate and ascorbate). Viral genome quantitation was determined above a 95 % limit of detection (11.

Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) interferes with iron uptake by Brucella abortus and dampens immunoregulation during infection of RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an important innate immunity component against bacterial pathogens. In this study, we report that Lcn2 is induced by Brucella (B.) abortus infection and significantly contributes to the restriction of intracellular survival of Brucella in macrophages.

Inhibitory Effect of the Ethanol Extract of a Rice Bran Mixture Comprising , and on Uptake by Professional and Nonprofessional Phagocytes.

In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of a rice bran mixture extract (RBE) on pathogenesis in professional (RAW 264.7) and nonprofessional (HeLa) phagocytes. We fermented the rice bran mixture and then extracted it with 50% ethanol followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the components in RBE.

The Bactericidal Effect of High Temperature Is an Essential Resistance Mechanism of Chicken Macrophage against Infection.

Knowledge of avian host responses to brucellosis is critical to understanding how birds resist this infection; however, this mechanism is not well established. On the other hand, temperature has a major involvement in the physiology of living organisms, and cell death induced by heat is attributed to protein denaturation. This study demonstrates the direct bactericidal effect of a high temperature (41ºC) on that resulted in the gradual reduction of intracellular bacteria and inhibited bacterial growth within avian macrophage HD11 in an increasing period of time.

Adding enzymes to improve the properties of the Korean barley Gwangmaek wort during mashing.

This study investigated the properties of the Korean barley Gwangmaek wort and compared them to those of the imported Pilsner. The reducing sugar content of Gwangmaek (52.13 mg/mL) was 13% lower than that of Pilsner.

Is confrontation naming performance in Alzheimer's disease the nominal linguistic retrogenesis of normal development?

We investigated confrontation naming performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal children (NC) to see if the nature of naming performance of AD patients is the reversal of that in normal development. Sixty items of the Boston Naming Test were given to 78 AD patients (and 40 age- and education-matched normal elderly) and 1,080 NC (3- to 14-year-olds). The analyses revealed that, firstly, the naming abilities of the AD patients demonstrated an inverse relationship with those of the NC.