Bilateral thalamic infarction in a young adult: The artery of Percheron conundrum.

Artery of Percheron (AOP) infarction is a rare form of ischemic stroke resulting from the occlusion of a single arterial trunk that supplies both sides of the paramedian thalamus and the midbrain. Its occlusion can lead to bilateral and symmetrical infarctions of the paramedian thalami, and occasionally, the midbrain. Due to its atypical presentation, this condition is often diagnosed late.

Thyroid Nodule Characterization: Which Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) Is More Accurate? A Comparison Between Radiologists with Different Experiences and Artificial Intelligence Software.

This study aimed to compare: the performance of K-TIRADS, EU-TIRADS and ACR TIRADS when used by observers with different levels of experience compared with the gold standard of cytology, and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CAD (computer-aided design) compared with TI-RADS systems. In total, 323 thyroid nodules were evaluated in patients who were candidates for needle aspiration. Three observers with different levels of experience evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of three risk stratification systems (ACR TI-RADS, EU-TIRADS and K-TIRADS) and CAD software (S-Detect, made by Samsung) in characterizing the nodules.

Management and Treatment of Carotid Stenosis: Overview of Therapeutic Possibilities and Comparison Between Interventional Radiology, Surgery and Hybrid Procedure.

Carotid stenosis is a common pathology in clinical practice and unfortunately carries a high risk of serious cerebrovascular events. The early recognition of carotid plaque and, consequently, a careful analysis by means of multimodal imaging are the necessary steps to undertake a correct management pathway, aimed at preventing or, if not possible, reducing the risk of atherogenic phenomena responsible for cerebral infarction. In particular, the presence or absence of clinical symptoms, understood as the occurrence of events such as TIAs in the last 6 months, non-disabling strokes or repeated episodes of amaurosis fugax, and the degree of carotid stenosis, are certainly the most studied parameters, and as reported by several international guidelines, can lead to the best therapeutic strategy: whether to rely on conservative medical therapy or to resort to mechanical revascularization of the carotid stenosis.

Radiological Insights into UIP Pattern: A Comparison Between IPF and Non-IPF Patients.

: This study aims to distinguish radiological differences between primary idiopathic Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) and secondary UIP patterns : This retrospective study included patients with HRCT findings consistent with a UIP pattern. Final diagnoses were established via multidisciplinary discussion and classified as primary UIP/IPF or secondary UIP, following the 2022 ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT guidelines. An expert thoracic radiologist (>10 years of experience), blinded to clinical data, reviewed the earliest available HRCT assessing key imaging features: honeycombing (micro-, macro- or exuberant), fibrosis distribution (symmetry, anterior-upper lobe sign, etc.

Role of Preoperative Breast MRI in Predicting Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer: Is There an Association with Tumor Biological Subtypes?

A potential prognostic biomarker for predicting the response to immunotherapy in breast cancer (BC) is tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The purpose of this research is to examine if preoperative characteristics of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to predict TIL levels in a group of BC patients. In addition, we aimed to assess any potential relationship between the various tumor biology subgroups and MR imaging characteristics.

Percutaneous Locoregional Therapies for the Treatment of Liver Metastases from Uveal Melanoma: A Systematic Review.

IntroductionThe prognosis of patients with uveal melanoma is related to several factors, including local or extraocular extension of the disease. Up to 50% of the patients with initial diagnosis of uveal melanoma develop metastases within few years and the liver represents the main site of metastatic spread. Patients with metastatic disease have a generally poor prognosis and few treatment options are available.

The Role of Dual-Energy CT in Differentiating Adrenal Adenomas from Metastases: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.

Dual-energy CT (DECT) has emerged as a novel imaging modality that offers a multiparametric approach for noninvasive adrenal lesion characterization. This narrative review examines recent advances in DECT-including virtual non-contrast imaging, iodine density quantification, spectral curve analysis, and material density mapping-for differentiating benign adrenal adenomas from metastases. Conventional CT techniques rely primarily on unenhanced attenuation measurements and contrast washout kinetics; however, these methods may be limited in evaluating lipid-poor adenomas, and in cases where imaging features overlap with metastatic lesions.

Orbital Radiotherapy for Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Single Institutional Experience of Efficacy and Safety.

Unlabelled: Graves' ophthalmopathy is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves-Basedow disease. Radiotherapy is effective especially when used in synergy with the administration of glucocorticoids. The aim of our study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of radiotherapy, using different protocols, to improve ocular symptoms and quality of life.

Inter-Reader Agreement in LR-TRA Application and NLR Association in HCC Patients Treated with Endovascular vs. Ablative Procedures.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the performance of the LI-RADS tumor response algorithm in analyzing inter-reader agreement in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with Microwave Ablation (MWA) and Transarterial Embolization (TAE) and the relationship between inter-reader agreement and Neutrophils to Lymphocytes ratio dynamic variations at different time points to explore how inflammation influences tumor response and its interpretation on imaging.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 78 HCC patients treated with MWA or TAE. Two independent radiologists evaluated pre- and post-treatment imaging and assigned categories according to the LR-TRA.

Latest Advancements in the Management of H3K27M-Mutant Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: A Narrative Review.

Despite recent advancements in radiotherapy for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG), the prognosis of this disease remains poor, highlighting the need for new treatment strategies to improve outcomes. Adding stereotactic biopsy to the diagnostic process for children with DIPG has been crucial in improving the management of this disease. Indeed, the discovery of the H3K27M mutation as a key driver of DIPG has led to the development of new drugs that are more effective than traditional ones.

Transcranial Doppler sonography follow-up study in mild vascular cognitive impairment.

Background: To date, few data to transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) are available in patients with mild vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) at risk for vascular or mixed dementia. In a previous study in patients with mild VCI and cerebral small vessels disease, a hemodynamic pattern of cerebral hypoperfusion and enhanced vascular resistance were observed; however, longitudinal data are currently lacking. Here, we perform a clinical, psychopathological, and neurosonological follow-up of patients with VCI in order to monitor any progression and to identify TCD measures to detect it.

A Machine Learning Model Based on Thyroid US Radiomics to Discriminate Between Benign and Malignant Nodules.

: Thyroid nodules are a very common finding, mostly benign but sometimes malignant, and thus require accurate diagnosis. Ultrasound and fine needle biopsy are the most widely used and reliable diagnostic methods to date, but they are sometimes limited in addressing benign from malignant nodules, mainly with regard to ultrasound, by the operator's experience. Radiomics, quantitative feature extraction from medical images and machine learning offer promising avenues to improve diagnosis.

The snowflake sign.

The "snowflake sign" in liver brucellosis refers to a characteristic appearance on radiological imaging. It is caused by a calcified granuloma within the liver, resulting from a chronic Brucella infection. This calcification often has a distinctive "snowflake" pattern due to its radiating, irregular shape.

Imaging of Carotid Stenosis: Where Are We Standing? Comparison of Multiparametric Ultrasound, CT Angiography, and MRI Angiography, with Recent Developments.

Atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries is a crucial risk factor in predicting the likelihood of future stroke events. In addition, emerging studies suggest that carotid stenosis may also be an indicator of plaque load on coronary arteries and thus have a correlation with the risk of acute cardiovascular events. Furthermore, although in symptomatic patients the degree of stenosis is the main morphological parameter studied, recent evidence suggests, especially in asymptomatic patients, that plaque vulnerability should also be evaluated as an emerging and significant imaging parameter.

Thyroid Nodule Characterization: Overview and State of the Art of Diagnosis with Recent Developments, from Imaging to Molecular Diagnosis and Artificial Intelligence.

Ultrasound (US) is the primary tool for evaluating patients with thyroid nodules, and the risk of malignancy assessed is based on US features. These features help determine which patients require fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. Classification systems for US features have been developed to facilitate efficient interpretation, reporting, and communication of thyroid US findings.

The Immunomodulatory Potential of Concurrent High-Dose Radiotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Cemiplimab in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Initial Results.

In this retrospective case series, we investigate the synergistic effect and the immunomodulatory potential of combination radiotherapy and immunotherapy on 11 patients affected by locally advanced or metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), treated at our institution between 2020 and 2023. The primary endpoints of this study are objective tumor response, assessed by Immunotherapy Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (iRECIST), and time to treatment failure (disease progression). In all patients, surgery was deemed not amenable, due to its potential functional and aesthetic impact.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Central Nervous System Manifestations of Type 1 Neurofibromatosis: Pictorial Review and Retrospective Study of Their Frequency in a Cohort of Patients.

: type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) is the most common neurocutaneous disorder, and it is an inherited condition that causes a tumour predisposition. Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in NF1. We provide a pictorial review of neuroradiological features of NF1, with emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and we assess the frequency of those features on a cohort of NF1 patients.

Beyond the bowel: Wernicke's encephalopathy as a neurological complication of Crohn's disease: A case report.

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is a rare but severe neurological syndrome characterized, in its classic form, by the acute onset of ocular disturbances, ataxia, and cognitive impairment. It is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and mainly affects chronic alcoholics, although it can also affect patients with pathologies that lead to malnutrition. We present a case of a 58-year-old woman, who presented with significant weight loss over the past 6 months and who came to the emergency department for episodes of repetitive vomiting and a sleepy state.

Prostate Artery Embolization as Minimally Invasive Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: An Updated Systematic Review.

: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has a significant impact on the quality of life of symptomatic patients. In patients manifesting lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) has become a topic of interest in recent years. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze and review techniques and clinical outcomes of patients who underwent endovascular treatment of BPH, with a special focus on the comparison of surgical and endovascular procedures.

Renal extramedullary hematopoiesis as an epiphenomenon of bone marrow dysfunction in a patient with primary myelofibrosis: A rare case report.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis represents a clinical compensatory condition characterized by the growth of hematopoietic tissue outside the bone marrow. It can mainly occur in patient with myeloproliferative disorders where alteration or neoplastic invasion of the bone marrow causes ineffective production of blood cells with the recruitment of progenitrix blood cells in non-hematopoietic organs, including kidneys. Renal extramedullary hematopoiesis is a rare condition manifesting as parenchymal or perirenal soft tissue masses with different patterns mimicking neoplasms, infectious or vascular diseases.

Corrigendum: Neuroimaging in PRUNE1 syndrome: a mini-review of the literature.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.

Neuroimaging in PRUNE1 syndrome: a mini-review of the literature.

Prune exopolyphosphatase 1 (PRUNE1) is a short-chain phosphatase that is part of the aspartic acid-histidine-histidine (DHH) family of proteins. PRUNE1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system and is crucially involved in neurodevelopment, cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell migration, and proliferation. Recently, biallelic variants have been identified in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, hypotonia, microcephaly, variable cerebral anomalies, and other features.

Neuroimaging features of WOREE syndrome: a mini-review of the literature.

The WWOX gene encodes a 414-amino-acid protein composed of two N-terminal WW domains and a C-terminal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) domain. WWOX protein is highly conserved among species and mainly expressed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, brain stem, thyroid, hypophysis, and reproductive organs. It plays a crucial role in the biology of the central nervous system, and it is involved in neuronal development, migration, and proliferation.

The Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome: From Genetics to Prognostic-Therapeutic Implications.

Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is one of the rarest RASopathies characterized by multiple congenital ectodermal, cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities with a mild to severe ocular, gastrointestinal and neurological involvement. It is an autosomal dominant syndrome, with complete penetrance, caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the genes , , , or, rarely, , all part of the RAS-MAPK pathway. This pathway is a signal transduction cascade that plays a crucial role in normal cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, metabolism and migration.