Black and White Adults' Racial and Gender Stereotypes of Psychopathology Symptoms in Black and White Children.

Adults' judgments of children's behaviors play a critical role in assessment and treatment of childhood psychopathology. Judgments of children's psychiatric symptoms are likely influenced by racial biases, but little is known about the specific racial biases adults hold about children's psychiatric symptoms, which could play a critical role in childhood mental health disparities. This study examined one form of such biases, racial stereotypes, to determine if White and Black adults hold implicit and explicit racial stereotypes about common childhood psychopathology symptoms, and if these stereotypes vary by child gender and disorder type.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Relation Between Parenting and Preschoolers' Externalizing Behaviors.

This study examined racial/ethnic differences in the relations between three dimensions of parenting practices (harsh, lax, and warm parenting) and children's externalizing behaviors across European American, African American, and Latinx families. Participants included 221 mothers who identified as African American ( = 32), Latina ( = 46), or European American ( = 143). Mothers' self-rated and observer-coded harshness, laxness, and warmth, and their ratings of their 3-year-old children's externalizing behaviors (hyperactivity, aggression) were analyzed.

Mediators and moderator of the effects of early exposure to intimate partner violence on children's mental health.

Childhood intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure increases the likelihood of internalizing and externalizing problems. There is substantial variability in children's outcomes following IPV exposure, but the reasons behind this are unclear, particularly among preschool-age children. The current study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of IPV on preschoolers' mental health through parent factors (parenting and parental depression), exploring child temperament as a potential moderator of the relation between IPV and child outcomes.

Early Development of ADHD and ODD Symptoms from the Toddler to Preschool Years.

Objective: ADHD and ODD are commonly co-occurring, but often studied individually. This study evaluated common trajectories of these disorders and explored how they co-develop in early childhood.

Method: Community parents ( = 273) completed online surveys about their 2-year-old.

Implementing a fluid volume management program to decrease intra-dialytic hypotensive events in a paediatric in-centre haemodialysis unit: a quality improvement project.

Background: Intra-dialytic hypotension (IDH) is the most common serious adverse event in paediatric haemodialysis (HD). Repeated IDH results in chronic multi-organ damage and increased mortality. At the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, retrospective data from all in-centre HD sessions revealed frequently occurring IDH events (16.

Cost Effectiveness and Impact in Quality of Care of a Pediatric Multidisciplinary Stone Clinic.

Unlabelled: Herein, we assess the cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary clinic for children with urinary stones. The clinic's primary goals were to decrease unnecessary visits, imaging, and costs while optimizing the quality of care.

Methods: Between October 2012 and January 2016, children with complex stone disease, previously treated in urology and/or nephrology clinics, were seen at a triannual pediatric combined stone clinic.

Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin in Pediatric Patients Receiving Intermittent Hemodialysis or Hemodiafiltration.

Introduction: Vancomycin is a common antibiotic used to treat hemodialysis (HD) or hemodiafiltration (HDF)-related infections in pediatric patients, but optimal dosing remains unknown. This is the first observational study to characterize the pharmacokinetics and evaluate dosing of vancomycin in this population.

Methods: Eligible patients received IV vancomycin 10 mg/kg per dose postdialysis followed by a series of serum vancomycin concentrations collected before, immediately after, 1 hour after, and 4 hours after dialysis.

Early Development of Comorbidity Between Symptoms of ADHD and Anxiety.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that shares a high comorbidity with anxiety disorders. However, the early development of comorbid ADHD and anxiety symptoms is not well-understood. In this study, the bidirectional relation between ADHD and anxiety symptoms was examined by testing two models of the development of ADHD and anxiety comorbidity: an anxiety effects model, which posits that anxiety symptoms contribute to the development of ADHD symptoms, and an ADHD effects model, which posits that ADHD symptoms contribute to the development of anxiety symptoms.

Behavioral and Neural Markers of Emotion Competence as Predictors of Later Psychopathology in Children With and Without Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms.

We examined behavioral and neural markers of emotion competence in young children as predictors of psychopathology, and as mediators of the relation between hyperactivity/impulsivity (H/I) and psychopathology. At Time 1 (T1), children ( = 49; ages 4-7 years) with and without H/I symptoms completed a frustration task. Frustration, observed emotion, and neural activity (P1, N2, and P3 event-related potentials) were measured.

Executive Function and Trajectories of Emotion Dysregulation in Children with Parent-Reported Behavior Problems.

The current study examined whether a variety of dimensions of executive function predicted trajectories of emotion dysregulation among preschool children with behavior problems. This study focused on 199 3-year-old children with parent-reported behavior problems who took part in a larger longitudinal study. Results revealed that response inhibition and working memory were not predictive of later emotion dysregulation.

Racial Differences Between Black Parents' and White Teachers' Perceptions of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Behavior.

Previous research suggests there may be racial differences in how adults rate children's ADHD behavior. Differences in perceptions of Black parents and White teachers could have implications for ADHD diagnosis of Black children. This study compared ADHD ratings of Black parents to White teachers, and examined factors that may explain racial differences.

Effects of Sleep Extension on Inhibitory Control in Children With ADHD: A Pilot Study.

Children with ADHD often have sleep complaints and cognitive deficits. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether sleep extension improves inhibitory control, a primary cognitive deficit in ADHD. Children with ( = 11) and without ( = 15) ADHD participated in a within-subject sleep extension intervention that targeted nocturnal sleep duration.

Single Pass Albumin Dialysis and Plasma Exchange for Copper Toxicity in Acute Wilson Disease.

Background: Wilson disease (WD) is a disorder of copper metabolism that results in accumulation of copper in tissues. In acute WD, patients present with fulminant hepatic failure, encephalopathy, and hemolytic anemia due to copper release from necrotic hepatocytes. Many will require life-saving liver transplantation.

Child Neurology: Friedreich ataxia with upper motor neuron findings: A case study.

A 16-year-old boy with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, gait abnormalities, and balance problems was found to have Friedreich ataxia. Though Friedreich ataxia typically renders patients areflexic, this child had upper motor neuron findings of spasticity in both lower extremities, with crossed adductors, and 4+ deep tendon reflexes at the patella and Achilles bilaterally. This unusual presentation of an uncommon genetic disorder led to uncertainty of the patient's true diagnosis until genetic testing confirmed that he had 2 alleles with the Friedreich ataxia mutation.

Psychometric Properties of ADHD Symptoms in Toddlers.

The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the 18 () symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 2-year-old children. ADHD is typically diagnosed in elementary school, but research suggests that many children with ADHD first show symptoms during the toddler years. An important first step in identifying toddlers who are at high risk for developing ADHD is to better understand the properties of symptoms of ADHD in young children.

A Longitudinal Study of the Relation Between Family Functioning and Preschool ADHD Symptoms.

The present study examined the bidirectional relation between family functioning and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms across the preschool years. Participants included 197 (110 boys) 3-year-old children ( = 44.14 months,  = 3.

Reciprocal Relations Between Parenting Behaviors and Conduct Disorder Symptoms in Preschool Children.

Reciprocal relations between children's conduct disorder (CD) symptoms and parenting behaviors were examined across the preschool years. Participants were 199 children (M = 44.26 months, SD = 3.

Positive emotional attention bias in young children with symptoms of ADHD.

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience emotional dysregulation. Dysregulation can arise from heightened attention to emotional stimuli. Emotional attention biases are associated with a number of adverse socioemotional outcomes including reward sensitivity and externalizing behaviors.

Longitudinal Associations of Parental Emotion Socialization and Children's Emotion Regulation: The Moderating Role of ADHD Symptomatology.

Theory and research suggest that parents' reactions to children's emotions play a critical role in teaching children effective emotion regulation (ER) skills, but no studies have directly examined the role that parent emotion socialization plays in the development of ER in children with ADHD. Gaining insight into the causes of impaired ER, particularly in youth with ADHD who are known to have poor ER, has important theoretical and translational significance. The present study is the first to longitudinally examine whether emotion socialization predicts later physiological and adult-reported measures of ER in children with and without ADHD.

Longitudinal assessment of myocardial function in childhood chronic kidney disease, during dialysis, and following kidney transplantation.

Background: Childhood chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis are associated with increased long-term cardiovascular risk. We examined subclinical alterations in myocardial mechanics longitudinally in children with CKD, during dialysis, and following renal transplantation.

Methods: Forty-eight children with CKD (stage III or higher) who received kidney transplants from 2008 to 2014 were included in a retrospective study and compared to 192 age- and sex-matched healthy children.

REM theta activity enhances inhibitory control in typically developing children but not children with ADHD symptoms.

Sleep disturbances impair cognitive functioning in typically developing populations. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder characterized by impaired inhibitory control and attention, commonly experience sleep disturbances. Whether inhibitory impairments are related to sleep deficits in children with ADHD is unknown.

Neuropsychological Predictors of ODD Symptom Dimensions in Young Children.

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a commonly diagnosed childhood behavior disorder, yet knowledge of relations between ODD and early neuropsychological functions, particularly independent of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is still limited. In addition, studies have not examined neuropsy chological functioning as it relates to the different ODD symptom dimensions. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate how preschool neuropsychological functioning predicted negative affect, oppositional behavior, and antagonistic behavior symptom dimensions of ODD in 224 six-year-old children, oversampled for early behavior problems.

Assessing Attention and Disruptive Behavior Symptoms in Preschool-Age Children: The Utility of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children.

Data are presented from two samples of preschool children to evaluate the reliability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the ADHD, ODD, and CD sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Fourth Edition (DISC-IV). Information was obtained from a community sample of 128 children ( = 53.16 months; 63 girls) and from a sample of 72 externalizing children ( = 45.