Challenges and Potential of Remote Sensing for Assessing Risk in Water Sources: Evidence from Chile.

Waterborne illnesses, including those caused by , are an increasing public health challenge, particularly in developing countries. Potential sources of salmonellosis include fruits and vegetables irrigated/treated with surface water, leading to human infections. causes millions of gastroenteritis cases annually, but early detection through routine water quality surveillance is time-consuming, requires specialized equipment, and faces limitations, such as coverage gaps, delayed data, and poor accessibility.

Premorbid school performance trajectories in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia prescribed clozapine in the public health system in Chile: a case-control study, 2007-2020.

Background: The premorbid phase of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) may reveal underlying mechanisms and inform early interventions. According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, treatment resistance may be linked to pronounced developmental impairments. We examined school grades and attendance trajectories in children who later developed TRS.

Human development, inequality, and their associations with brain structure across 29 countries.

Background: The macro-social and environmental conditions in which people live, such as the level of a country's development or inequality, are associated with brain-related disorders. However, the relationship between these systemic environmental factors and the brain remains unclear. We aimed to determine the association between the level of development and inequality of a country and the brain structure of healthy adults.

Short- and long-term increased risk of all-cause mortality in a tuberculosis cohort attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection: a time-dependent survival analysis in Chile.

Background: Concurrent tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19 increases the risk of mortality; however, most studies have focused primarily on short-term outcomes. We assessed the short and long-term impact of TB and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection on all-cause mortality.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective nationwide cohort study in Chile, including adults diagnosed with active TB from January 1st, 2020, to December 31st, 2021, with follow-up until November 30th, 2022.

Prevalence of anxiety disorders in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The prevalence of anxiety disorders among the adult population in Latin America (LATAM) and its association with development indicators is insufficiently characterised. We estimated pooled regional, country, and sex-specific prevalence rates of anxiety disorders in LATAM based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria. Additionally, we examined the association between its prevalence and four country-level development indicators: Human Development Index (HDI), income inequality (Gini coefficient), Gender Inequality Index (GII), and Intentional Homicide Rate (IHR).

Prevalence and Distribution of in Water Bodies in South America: A Systematic Review.

The presence of in rivers, lakes, or beaches in South America represents a challenge to public health and aquatic ecosystems. This review explores the distribution, prevalence, and the main factors contributing to the survival and spread of Salmonella, including wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff, and climatic variables such as high temperatures and precipitation. These factors also facilitate the distribution of multidrug-resistant strains in water.

Geographic divergence of methicillin-resistant ST5-SCCI in the aftermath of a major earthquake and tsunami: impact of a plasmid harboring heavy metal resistance genes.

Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) is a major public health menace. The global spread of MRSA is characterized by successive waves of epidemic clones dominating specific geographical regions. The acquisition of genes encoding resistance to heavy metals (HMRGs) is thought to be a key feature in the geographic divergence of MRSA.

Cost-effectiveness of screening, decolonisation and isolation strategies for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and methicillin-resistant infections in hospitals: a sex-stratified mathematical modelling study.

Background: Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) impose the greatest burden among critical bacterial pathogens. Evidence for sex differences among antibiotic resistant bacterial infections is increasing but a focus on policy implications is needed. We assessed impact of CRE/MRSA on excess length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, and mortality by sex from a retrospective cohort study (n = 873) of patients in three Chilean hospitals, 2018-2021.

Impact of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy on in-hospital mortality: a retrospective multicentre cohort study of patients with bloodstream infections in Chile, 2018-2022.

Introduction: Empirical antibiotic therapy is essential for treating bloodstream infections (BSI), yet there is limited evidence from resource-limited settings. We quantified the association of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy (IEAT) with in-hospital mortality and the associated burden on BSI patients in Chile.

Methods: We used a retrospective multicentre cohort study of BSI cases in three Chilean tertiary hospitals (2018-2022) to assess the impact of IEAT on 30-day and overall in-hospital mortality and quantify excess disease and economic burdens associated with IEAT.

Serologically Confirmed Human Leptospirosis in Colombia, 2015-2020.

Leptospirosis, a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with infected animals or contaminated water sources, imposes a substantial health burden in Colombia. Since 2007, the National Institute of Health (INS) has mandated the notification and confirmation of all suspected leptospirosis cases. This passive surveillance program employs the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) on serum samples to ascertain confirmed cases of leptospirosis infection.

The potential importance of the built-environment microbiome and its impact on human health.

There is increasing evidence that interactions between microbes and their hosts not only play a role in determining health and disease but also in emotions, thought, and behavior. Built environments greatly influence microbiome exposures because of their built-in highly specific microbiomes coproduced with myriad metaorganisms including humans, pets, plants, rodents, and insects. Seemingly static built structures host complex ecologies of microorganisms that are only starting to be mapped.

Enrollment of dengue patients in a prospective cohort study in Umphang District, Thailand, during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for research and policy.

Background And Aims: Dengue is endemic in Thailand and imposes a high burden on the health system and society. We conducted a prospective cohort study in Umphang District, Tak Province, Thailand, to investigate the share of dengue cases with long symptoms and their duration. Here we present the results of the enrollment process during the COVID-19 pandemic with implications and challenges for research and policy.

Effectiveness of the second COVID-19 booster against Omicron: a large-scale cohort study in Chile.

In light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, understanding the effectiveness of various booster vaccination regimens is pivotal. In Chile, using a prospective national cohort of 3.75 million individuals aged 20 or older, we evaluate the effectiveness against COVID-19-related intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and death of mRNA-based second vaccine boosters for four different three-dose background regimes: BNT162b2 primary series followed by a homologous booster, and CoronaVac primary series followed by an mRNA booster, a homologous booster, and a ChAdOx-1 booster.

Prevalence of depressive disorder in the adult population of Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Depressive disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide; however its prevalence and association with inequality and crime is poorly characterised in Latin America. This study aimed to: . systematically review population-based studies of prevalence of ICD/DSM depressive disorder in Latin America, .

A review of the global emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Infantis.

Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is an emergent foodborne and zoonotic Salmonella serovar with critical implications for global health. In recent years, the prevalence of S. Infantis infections has increased in the United States, Europe, and Latin America, due to contaminated chicken and other foods.

Demographic and clinical risk factors associated with severity of lab-confirmed human leptospirosis in Colombia, 2015-2020.

Background: Leptospirosis is a common zoonoses and is a major global public health threat. Most cases are mild, typically presenting as a non-specific acute febrile illness. However, leptospirosis can have life-threatening manifestations, including pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome, and acute kidney injury.

The impact of inpatient bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) produced by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) cause a substantial disease burden worldwide. However, most estimates come from high-income settings and thus are not globally representative. This study quantifies the excess mortality, length of hospital stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and economic costs associated with ARB BSIs, compared to antibiotic-sensitive bacteria (ASB), among adult inpatients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Heavy Metal Pollution From a Major Earthquake and Tsunami in Chile Is Associated With Geographic Divergence of Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant in Latin America.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a priority pathogen listed by the World Health Organization. The global spread of MRSA is characterized by successive waves of epidemic clones that predominate in specific geographical regions. The acquisition of genes encoding resistance to heavy-metals is thought to be a key feature in the divergence and geographical spread of MRSA.