Assessment of established prognostic factors and artificial intelligence-based evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: Traditional risk assessment for tongue cancer relies on clinicopathological parameters. Although tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are promising prognostic markers, their evaluation lacks standardization. This study aimed to validate established prognostic factors and introduce an artificial intelligence (AI)-based TIL assessment method.