PCV-2 vaccination modifies the cytokine serum profile in wild boar (Sus scrofa) coinfected with tuberculosis and PCV-2.

Animal tuberculosis (TB) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) coinfections have been associated to the development of severe patterns of tuberculous lesions. These coinfections are frequently observed in wild boar, considered the main wild reservoir of TB in Spain. The vaccination of wild boar with a single dose of PCV-2 vaccine has been associated with less severity of lesions.

Retrospective Study Reveals Decades of PCV4 Circulation in Spain.

Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was first identified in China in 2019 and retrospectively traced back to 2008. However, unlike other circoviruses, its distribution appeared to be largely confined to Asian countries until recent reports from Spain and the United States. This study aims to enhance knowledge of the past and present circulation of PCV4 in non-Asian countries, particularly in Spain and in wild boars, where it was previously detected at a significant prevalence.

Identification of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in Iberian Lynx () and Their Impact on Its Health.

The Iberian lynx () population has been increasing in recent years thanks to the collaboration of several associations within the framework of the Life Lynxconnect project, which promotes captive breeding for the subsequent release of specimens into the environment. It is therefore important to know their population status, the diseases to which these animals are exposed, and how they affect their repopulation. In this sense, this study aims to study how the presence of mycobacteria affects the lynx population in Extremadura (southwest of Spain).

Pesticide residues in beeswax from Western Spain: Toxicological risk for bee health and beekeeping productivity.

The pesticide residues in beeswax pose a risk to bee health and hive productivity. This study analyzed 25 beeswax samples from apiaries across five regions in Extremadura, a key beekeeping area in Spain. Foundation wax samples were also sourced from three common suppliers to evaluate contamination at the origin.

Effect of PCV-2 Vaccination on Cytokines Gene Expression Profile in Wild Boar Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells after Stimulation with Mycobacteria Antigens.

Wild boar () is a common wild ungulate known as the most important reservoir of tuberculosis (TB) in Spain. The severity of TB lesions in this species and the high prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) have been related. PCV-2 is ubiquitous in swine populations, being usual for the free-living ones the contact with this agent.

Significant Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3 and Porcine Circovirus 4 in Wild Boars from Mid-Western Spain Without Apparent Sanitary Consequences.

PCV-3 and PCV-4 are novel viruses that can infect domestic pigs and wild boars. Both viruses are associated with multiple disorders in domestic pigs (reproductive failure, respiratory damage, etc.).

Evaluation of Combined Use of Protein and Postbiotics Feed Supplements in Honey Beehives in Autumn and Spring.

Feed supplementation in beehives is a commonly necessary practice in beekeeping today, to address the many risks the honey bees face, mainly the climate change and times of food scarcity, agricultural pesticides, or pathogens such as Varroa destructor or Nosema ceranae. Protein supplements and postbiotics products have been evaluated in beehives feed, obtaining improvements of the strength and sanitary status, but they have not been tested in combination. In this study, two experiences have been carried out in autumn and spring to check the potential beneficial effect of this combination in the beehives.

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria-Derived Postbiotic Supplementation on Tuberculosis in Wild Boar Populations.

The Eurasian wild boar () is a key wildlife host for tuberculosis (TB) in central and southwestern Spain, posing a challenge to TB eradication in livestock. New strategies, including the use of beneficial microbes, are being explored to mitigate wildlife diseases. This study evaluated the effect of oral supplementation with postbiotic antimycobacterial metabolites produced using Ingulados' lactic acid bacteria (LAB) collection on TB development in wild boar.

Differential Gene Expression in Porcine Lung Compartments after Experimental Infection with .

(Mhyo) is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), as well as one of the main pathogens involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex. The host-pathogen interaction between Mhyo and infected pigs is complex and not completely understood; however, improving the understanding of these intricacies is essential for the development of effective control strategies of EP. In order to improve our knowledge about this interaction, laser-capture microdissection was used to collect bronchi, bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue, and lung parenchyma from animals infected with different strains of Mhyo, and mRNA expression levels of different molecules involved in Mhyo infection (ICAM1, IL-8, IL-10, IL-23, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and TNF-α) were analyzed by qPCR.

Meat juice as a feasible alternative sample for tuberculosis surveillance in large game.

In hunted animals, quality of blood samples may often be compromised. Alternative samples, such as meat juice, may offer an advantage to perform serological tests. This study evaluates if meat juice is a feasible alternative sample to perform the Tuberculosis ELISA test in hunted large game.

Effects of feeding with a protein liquid supplement on productivity, mortality and health of Apis mellifera hives in southwestern Spain.

Colony collapse disorder (CCD) has affected bees worldwide in recent decades, with southwestern Spain being no exception. This disorder is one of the main causes of Apis mellifera mortality and is believed to be caused by environmental, social and sanitary conditions. Dietary supplementation can help to improve some parameters of the general status and sanitary condition of bees, such as infestation by certain recurrent pathogens, including Varroa destructor and Nosema ceranae, by enhancing immune and social response.

Evaluation of the Potential Effect of Postbiotics Obtained from Honey Bees against and Their Combination with Other Organic Products.

The mite infests colonies and causes significant harm. Traditional treatments have become less effective because of mite resistance development and can also generate residues inside beehives. This study aimed to gauge the efficacy of a beehive-derived postbiotic in reducing viability and to explore its synergies with organic compounds.

Combination with Annual Deworming Treatments Does Not Enhance the Effects of PCV2 Vaccination on the Development of TB in Wild Boar Populations.

Vaccination against PCV2 has been proven to be an effective measure to reduce the severity of TB in wild boar. The combination of this measure with strategies focused on treating other key concomitant pathogens, such as nematodes, could be a useful strategy. This study assesses whether a combination of deworming treatments and PCV2 vaccination may reduce the prevalence and severity of TB in wild boar.

First detection of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV-4) in Europe.

Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV-4) is a novel virus recently discovered (2019) in domestic pigs from China, although several studies have proven its circulation since 2008. Later, PCV-4 was also detected in wild boar populations from China and domestic pigs from South Korea and Thailand. Currently, Asia is so far the only continent where this novel virus has been reported; few studies carried out in South America and Europe failed in the attempt to detect it.

First Serologic Survey of in Wild Boars Hunted for Private Consumption in Portugal.

is a relevant zoonotic infectious agent causing swine erysipelas (SE) in wild boar. In Portugal, there is no information on its occurrence. For this reason, this study aims to perform a first serosurvey of SE in hunted wild boars in Portugal.

Effect of feed supplementation with probiotics and postbiotics on strength and health status of honey bee (Apis mellifera) hives during late spring.

Currently, beekeeping faces many risks, such as deteriorating health of honeybees in hives, which results in high mortality rates, mainly during winter. An important consequence is the emergence/re-emergence of communicable diseases such as varroosis or nosemosis. These diseases jeopardize the continuity of the sector because of the absence of effective treatments and harmful residues that they can be retained on wax or honey.

Tissue-specific assessment of oxidative status: Wild boar as a case study.

In recent decades, there has been a fast-growing interest in using biomarkers of oxidative stress (BOS) in conservation programs of many vertebrate species. Biomarkers of oxidative stress can be measured in different biological samples (e.g.

Dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant isolates of Salmonella spp. in wild boars and its relationship with management practices.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern and controlling its spread is critical for the effectiveness of antibiotics. Members of the genus Salmonella are broadly distributed, and wild boar may play an important role in its circulation between peri-urban areas and the environment, due to its frequent interactions both with livestock or human garbage. As the population of these animals is rising due to management on certain hunting estates or the absence of natural predators, the aim of the present work is to identify the mechanisms of AMR present and/or expressed in Salmonella spp.

Wildlife Symbiotic Bacteria Are Indicators of the Health Status of the Host and Its Ecosystem.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are gut symbionts that can be used as a model to understand the host-microbiota cross talk under unpredictable environmental conditions, such as wildlife ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine whether viable LAB can be informative of the health status of wild boar populations. We monitored the genotype and phenotype of LAB based on markers that included safety and phylogenetic origin, antibacterial activity, and immunomodulatory properties.

Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance by Serovar Choleraesuis between Close Domestic and Wild Environments.

The serovar Choleraesuis affects domestic pig and wild boar (WB), causing clinical salmonellosis. Iberian swine production is based on a free-range production system where WB and Iberian pig (IP) share ecosystems. This study focuses on the negative impact on the pork industry of infections due to this serotype, its role in the spread of antibiotic resistance, and its zoonotic potential.

Nasal shedding of in wild boar is related to generalised tuberculosis and concomitant infections.

Background: Wild boar is an important reservoir of variant , the main causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). A proportion of tuberculosis (TB)-affected wild boars shed by nasal route, favouring the maintenance of bTB in a multihost scenario. The aim of this work was to assess if nasal excretion is influenced by factors commonly associated with high TB prevalence in wild boar.

Lactobacilli Isolated From Wild Boar () Antagonize Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in a Species-Dependent Manner.

: Wildlife poses a significant burden for the complete eradication of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). In particular, wild boar () is one of the most important reservoirs of , the causal agent of bTB. Wild boar can display from mild TB lesions, usually found in head lymph nodes, to generalized TB lesions distributed in different anatomical regions; but rarely clinical signs, which complicates the diagnosis of infection and bTB control.

Seasonal and dietary effects on Vitamin D deficiencies detected in wild boar from mid-western Spain.

Vitamin D (VitD) is involved in important mammalian physiological mechanisms, such as Ca-P metabolism, bone development and immunological response. VitD deficiencies are frequently detected in domestic animals and related to various health problems (e.g.

Vaccination Against Porcine Circovirus-2 Reduces Severity of Tuberculosis in Wild Boar.

Tuberculosis (TB) in wild boar (Sus scrofa) may be affected by coinfections with other pathogens, such as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Therefore, sanitary measures focused on controlling PCV2 could be useful in reducing the impact of TB in this wild suid. The aim of this study was to explore whether vaccination against PCV2 targeting young animals affects TB prevalence and TB severity in wild boar.