Risk factors and leprosy incidence among contacts in Bangladesh: A multilevel analysis.

Background: The Maltalep trial in Bangladesh assessed whether single-dose rifampicin (SDR) given 8-12 weeks after bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination was able to prevent excess leprosy cases due to BCG in contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy patients. After previous publication of the two years follow-up results of the trial, we now review the results after five years. Furthermore, to better understand the long-term protective effects of BCG against leprosy, we conduct post-hoc in-depth secondary statistical analyses based on the prospective interventional (randomized) Maltalep trial and a non-interventional (non-randomized) cohort study that was conducted simultaneously in the same project area.

Patients' Attitude toward Less Frequent Surveillance of Low-Risk Pancreatic Cysts: A Multicenter European Cohort Study.

BackgroundRecent studies show that low-risk pancreatic cysts may require less frequent monitoring. Future guidelines will likely adapt their recommendations accordingly. Our goal was to explore the willingness of individuals with a low-risk pancreatic cyst to undergo less frequent surveillance and to identify associated characteristics with such willingness.

Kidney-derived Urinary Extracellular Vesicles are Increased During Acute Rejection after Kidney Transplantation: A Pilot Study.

Background: Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are nanosized particles primarily excreted by the kidney. Kidney-derived uEVs (kd-uEVs) are promising noninvasive biomarkers for assessing kidney allograft health and diseases such as acute rejection (AR) after kidney transplantation. However, their release dynamics posttransplant are unclear.

Benefits of colorectal cancer screening using FIT with varying positivity thresholds by age and sex.

Background: Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) performance for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening varies by age and sex, yet most FIT-based screening programs use uniform thresholds. This study assessed the potential benefits of stratifying FIT thresholds based on age and sex.

Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of FIT sensitivity and specificity at various positivity thresholds by age and sex.

External Validation of the ARISE Prediction Models for Aneurysmal Rebleeding After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background And Objectives: To externally validate the Aneurysmal RebleedIng after Subarachnoid hEmorrhage (ARISE) prediction models that predict preinterventional aneurysmal rebleeding within 24 and 72 hours after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

Methods: We pooled data from two international hospital registries from University Hospital Oslo, Norway, and University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands, to validate the ARISE base model (including patient age, sex, hypertension, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade, Fisher grade, aneurysm size, and cerebrospinal fluid diversion) and the ARISE extended model (adding aneurysm irregularity to the base model). Model performance was assessed with discrimination (Harrell c-statistic, model-based c-statistic) and calibration (calibration-in-the-large, calibration slope, and calibration plots).

Long-term effects of a primary school-based overweight preventive intervention on physical fitness and physical activity: a propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study within the Generation R Study.

Objectives: In this study, we evaluate the long-term effects (±1.5 years postintervention) of 6-year exposure to the Lekker Fit! intervention on physical fitness and physical activity (PA).

Design: The retrospective intervention evaluation is embedded within the Generation R Study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, a population-based prospective birth cohort study.

Intravenous thrombolysis before endovascular treatment versus endovascular treatment alone for patients with large vessel occlusion and carotid tandem lesions: individual participant data meta-analysis of six randomised trials.

Background: For patients with large vessel occlusion and carotid tandem lesions, the best treatment approach is not clear. Intravenous thrombolysis in addition to endovascular treatment might increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage and decrease effectiveness in this cohort, particularly for patients receiving acute carotid stenting. In an individual participant data meta-analysis of six randomised controlled trials (RCTs), no clear benefit was seen of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with large-vessel occlusion stroke who were eligible for direct endovascular treatment.

Personalized Dynamic Prediction Model for Biopsy Timing in Patients With Prostate Cancer During Active Surveillance.

Importance: Active surveillance (AS) for patients with prostate cancer (PC) often includes fixed repeat prostate biopsies that do not account for the varying risk of reclassification to significant disease. Given the invasive nature and potential complications of biopsies, a personalized approach is needed to balance the burden of biopsies with the risk of missing disease progression.

Objective: To develop and externally validate a dynamic model that predicts an individual's risk of PC reclassification during AS.

The long-term effects of a school-based intervention on preventing childhood overweight: Propensity score matching analysis within the Generation R Study cohort.

Background: This study investigated the long-term impact of the primary school-based multicomponent lifestyle intervention "Lekker Fit!" (LF) on obesity-related outcomes, and studied whether the impact differed between population subgroups.

Methods: Children from the Generation R Study (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) were categorized into the LF group (6 years exposure, between the ages 6/7 to 12/13 years) or regular school group (no exposure). BMI and DXA-derived fat mass were assessed after 4 years of intervention (age 10 years), and 1.

Co-creation and implementation of a healthy lunch at Dutch primary schools in disadvantaged neighbourhoods: design of a cluster randomised cross-over effectiveness study.

Introduction: The majority of children fails to have a healthy diet. Providing a healthy lunch at school is a way to target all children, regardless of ethnic and socioeconomic background. This study aims to investigate the effectivity and feasibility of a co-created healthy school lunch in disadvantaged neighbourhoods of the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Clinical and Imaging Characteristics, Care Pathways, and Outcomes of Traumatic Epidural Hematomas: A Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury Study.

Background And Objectives: Guideline recommendations for surgical management of traumatic epidural hematomas (EDHs) do not directly address EDHs that co-occur with other intracranial hematomas; the relative rates of isolated vs nonisolated EDHs and guideline adherence are unknown. We describe characteristics of a contemporary cohort of patients with EDHs and identify factors influencing acute surgery.

Methods: This research was conducted within the longitudinal, observational Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury cohort study which prospectively enrolled patients with traumatic brain injury from 65 hospitals in 18 European countries from 2014 to 2017.

Pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Eastern versus Western countries: meta-analysis.

Objective: Locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma can be treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy followed by oesophagectomy. Discrepancies in pathological response rates have been reported between studies from Eastern versus Western countries. The aim of this study was to compare the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in Eastern versus Western countries.

Research Protocol for an Observational Health Data Analysis on the Adverse Events of Systemic Treatment in Patients with Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer: Big Data Analytics Using the PIONEER Platform.

Combination therapies in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), which include the addition of an androgen receptor signaling inhibitor and/or docetaxel to androgen deprivation therapy, have been a game changer in the management of this disease stage. However, these therapies come with their fair share of toxicities and side effects. The goal of this observational study is to report drug-related adverse events (AEs), which are correlated with systemic combination therapies for mHSPC.

Development and external validation of a clinical prediction model for predicting quality of recovery up to 1 week after surgery.

The Quality of Recovery Score-40 (QoR-40) has been increasingly used for assessing recovery after patients undergoing surgery. However, a prediction model estimating quality of recovery is lacking. The aim of the present study was to develop and externally validate a clinical prediction model that predicts quality of recovery up to one week after surgery.

Multidimensional energy poverty and acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years of age: evidence from 22 low-income and middle-income countries.

Background: In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), energy poverty has predominantly been studied from the unidimensional perspective of indoor air pollution. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children under 5 years of age is the most important disease associated with indoor air pollution attributable to solid fuel use in LMICs. This study aimed to extend the existing knowledge on the association between energy poverty and ARI among children under 5 years of age in LMICs, by adopting a multidimensional perspective.

Safety and Efficacy of Dual Thrombolytic Therapy With Mutant Prourokinase and Small Bolus Alteplase for Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Dual thrombolytic treatment with small bolus alteplase and mutant prourokinase has the potential to be a safer and more efficacious treatment for ischemic stroke than alteplase alone because mutant prourokinase is designed to act only on degraded fibrin without affecting circulating fibrinogen.

Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of this dual thrombolytic treatment compared with alteplase.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This controlled, open-label randomized clinical trial with a blinded end point was conducted from August 10, 2019, to March 26, 2022, with a total follow-up of 30 days.

The Patient Journey from Randomization to Detection of Prostate Cancer and Death: Results from ERSPC Rotterdam.

Background: The ERSPC study has demonstrated that prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening results in a relative increase in diagnosis of (low-risk) prostate cancer (PCa) and a reduction in metastatic disease and PCa mortality.

Objective: To evaluate the burden of PCa among men randomized to active screening compared to those in the control arm in ERSPC Rotterdam.

Design Setting And Participants: We analyzed data for participants in the Dutch section of the ERSPC, including 21 169 men randomized to the screening arm and 21 136 randomized to the control arm.

Are children with prolonged fever at a higher risk for serious illness? A prospective observational study.

Objectives: To describe the characteristics and clinical outcomes of children with fever ≥5 days presenting to emergency departments (EDs).

Design: Prospective observational study.

Setting: 12 European EDs.

Biopsy prostate cancer perineural invasion and tumour load are associated with positive posterolateral margins at radical prostatectomy: implications for planning of nerve-sparing surgery.

Aims: Radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer is frequently complicated by erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence. However, sparing of the nerve bundles adjacent to the posterolateral sides of the prostate reduces the number of complications at the risk of positive surgical margins. Preoperative selection of men eligible for safe, nerve-sparing surgery is therefore needed.