Metabolic phenotype of bovine blood-derived neutrophils is altered in milk.

In a healthy udder, immune cells from the peripheral bloodstream migrate into mammary tissue in low numbers to provide baseline immune surveillance, without triggering inflammation. In bovine intramammary inflammation, on the other hand, high amounts of leukocytes are recruited, causing severe inflammation. We were interested in leukocyte subpopulations and functional differences between blood- and milk-derived neutrophils from healthy and inflamed udder quarters.

Differential Expression of ARG1 and MRC2 in Retinal Müller Glial Cells During Autoimmune Uveitis.

Retinal Müller glial cells (RMG) play a crucial role in retinal neuroinflammation, including autoimmune uveitis. Increasing evidence supports their function as active modulators of immune responses and potential atypical antigen-presenting cells (APCs). To further investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a differential proteome analysis of primary equine RMG from healthy controls and horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous model of autoimmune uveitis.

Perinatal dysfunction of innate immunity in cystic fibrosis.

In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), repeated cycles of infection and inflammation eventually lead to fatal lung damage. Although diminished mucus clearance can be restored by highly effective CFTR modulator therapy, inflammation and infection often persist. To elucidate the role of the innate immune system in CF etiology, we investigated a CF pig model and compared these results with those for preschool children with CF.

Enhanced ROS Production and Mitochondrial Metabolic Shifts in CD4 T Cells of an Autoimmune Uveitis Model.

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease and one of the leading causes of blindness in horses worldwide. Its similarities to autoimmune-mediated uveitis in humans make it a unique spontaneous animal model for this disease. Although many aspects of ERU pathogenesis have been elucidated, it remains not fully understood and requires further research.

Diabetic retinopathy from the vitreous proteome perspective: The INS transgenic pig model study.

INS transgenic pigs represent a model for mutant insulin gene-induced diabetes of youth, with impaired insulin secretion and beta cell loss, leading to elevated fasting blood glucose levels. A key complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic retinopathy (DR), characterized by hyperglycemia-induced abnormalities in the retina. Adjacent to the retina lies the vitreous, a gelatinous matrix vital for ocular function.

Effects of A1 Milk, A2 Milk and the Opioid-like Peptide β-Casomorphin-7 on the Proliferation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

Special attention is given to cow's milk and its variants, with ongoing discussions about health-related impacts primarily focusing on the A1 variant in contrast to the A2 variant. The difference between these variants lies in a single amino acid alteration at position 67 of β-casein. This alteration is presumed to make the A1 variant more susceptible to enzymatic breakdown during milk digestion, leading to an increased release of the peptide β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7).

Cathepsin S Is More Abundant in Serum of subsp. -Infected Dairy Cows.

subsp. (MAP) is the causative agent of bovine paratuberculosis, a chronic granulomatous enteritis leading to economic losses and posing a risk to human health due to its zoonotic potential. The pathogen cannot reliably be detected by standard methods, and immunological procedures during the infection are not well understood.

A Lysine Residue at the C-Terminus of MHC Class I Ligands Correlates with Low C-Terminal Proteasomal Cleavage Probability.

The majority of peptides presented by MHC class I result from proteasomal protein turnover. The specialized immunoproteasome, which is induced during inflammation, plays a major role in antigenic peptide generation. However, other cellular proteases can, either alone or together with the proteasome, contribute peptides to MHC class I loading non-canonically.

Antiviral CD8 T-cell immune responses are impaired by cigarette smoke and in COPD.

Background: Virus infections drive COPD exacerbations and progression. Antiviral immunity centres on the activation of virus-specific CD8 T-cells by viral epitopes presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules of infected cells. These epitopes are generated by the immunoproteasome, a specialised intracellular protein degradation machine, which is induced by antiviral cytokines in infected cells.

Effects of GHR Deficiency and Juvenile Hypoglycemia on Immune Cells of a Porcine Model for Laron Syndrome.

Laron syndrome (LS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and high levels of growth hormone (GH) due to mutations in the growth hormone receptor gene (). A -knockout (-KO) pig was developed as a model for LS, which displays many of the same features as humans with LS-like transient juvenile hypoglycemia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of impaired GHR signaling on immune functions and immunometabolism in -KO pigs.

subsp. Infected Cows Reveal Divergent Immune Response in Bovine Peripheral Blood Derived Lymphocyte Proteome.

Bovine paratuberculosis is a serious chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract that causes economic losses and dramatically affects animal health in livestock. The underlying infectious agent, subspecies (MAP), cannot reliably be detected by standard diagnostic tests due to the long asymptomatic disease stage. The aim of this study was to detect proteomic changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from cows of the same herd with different MAP infection status after co-incubation with viable MAP in vitro using label-free LC-MS/MS.

Pre-Activated Granulocytes from an Autoimmune Uveitis Model Show Divergent Pathway Activation Profiles upon IL8 Stimulation In Vitro.

In the pathophysiology of autoimmune-mediated uveitis, granulocytes have emerged as possible disease mediators and were shown to be pre-activated in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous disease model. We therefore used granulocytes from ERU horses to identify early molecular mechanisms involved in this dysregulated innate immune response. Primary granulocytes from healthy and ERU horses were stimulated with IL8, and cellular response was analyzed with differential proteomics, which revealed significant differences in protein abundance of 170 proteins in ERU.

Pudding Proteomics: Cyclomaltodextrin Glucanotransferase and Microbial Proteases Can Liquefy Extended Shelf Life Dairy Products.

In recent years, a lack of stability of dairy products with extended shelf life (e.g., yoghurt products, UHT desserts) has occurred, with the corresponding products liquefying significantly after days or weeks.

Bovine Peripheral Blood Derived Lymphocyte Proteome and Secretome Show Divergent Reaction of Bovine Immune Phenotypes after Stimulation with Pokeweed Mitogen.

We recently identified a deviant bovine immune phenotype characterized by hyperproliferation of lymphocytes after polyclonal stimulation. This phenotype was first discovered in dams that responded to PregSure BVD vaccination by producing pathological antibodies, triggering the fatal disease "bovine neonatal pancytopenia" in calves. The aim of the study was to gain deeper insights into molecular processes occurring in lymphocytes of immune phenotypes and the effect on their secretome after immune stimulation.

Proteomic Phenotyping of Stimulated Müller Cells Uncovers Profound Pro-Inflammatory Signaling and Antigen-Presenting Capacity.

Müller cells are the main macroglial cells of the retina exerting a wealth of functions to maintain retinal homoeostasis. Upon pathological changes in the retina, they become gliotic with both protective and detrimental consequences. Accumulating data also provide evidence for a pivotal role of Müller cells in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

subsp. Proteome Changes Profoundly in Milk.

subspecies (MAP) are detectable viable in milk and other dairy products. The molecular mechanisms allowing the adaptation of MAP in these products are still poorly understood. To obtain information about respective adaptation of MAP in milk, we differentially analyzed the proteomes of MAP cultivated for 48 h in either milk at 37 °C or 4 °C or Middlebrook 7H9 broth as a control.

Altered Metabolic Phenotype of Immune Cells in a Spontaneous Autoimmune Uveitis Model.

As one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, uveitis is an important disease. The exact pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis is not entirely elucidated to date. Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) represents the only spontaneous animal model for autoimmune uveitis in humans.

Cell Surface Profiling of Retinal Müller Glial Cells Reveals Association to Immune Pathways after LPS Stimulation.

Retinal Müller glial cells (RMG) are involved in virtually every retinal disease; however, the role of these glial cells in neuroinflammation is still poorly understood. Since cell surface proteins play a decisive role in immune system signaling pathways, this study aimed at characterizing the changes of the cell surface proteome of RMG after incubation with prototype immune system stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS). While mass spectrometric analysis of the human Müller glia cell line MIO-M1 revealed 507 cell surface proteins in total, with 18 proteins significantly more abundant after stimulation (ratio ≥ 2), the surfaceome of primary RMG comprised 1425 proteins, among them 79 proteins with significantly higher abundance in the stimulated state.

NEU1 is more abundant in uveitic retina with concomitant desialylation of retinal cells.

Desialylation of cell surface glycoproteins carried out by sialidases affects various immunological processes. However, the role of neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), one of the four mammalian sialidases, in inflammation and autoimmune disease is not completely unraveled to date. In this study, we analyzed the retinal expression of NEU1 in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous animal model for autoimmune uveitis.

Chronic Hyperglycemia Drives Functional Impairment of Lymphocytes in Diabetic Transgenic Pigs.

People with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk for infections, however, there is still a critical gap in precise knowledge about altered immune mechanisms in this disease. Since diabetic transgenic pigs exhibit elevated blood glucose and a stable diabetic phenotype soon after birth, they provide a favorable model to explore functional alterations of immune cells in an early stage of diabetes mellitus . Hence, we investigated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of these diabetic pigs compared to non-diabetic wild-type littermates.

Immunological Insights in Equine Recurrent Uveitis.

Horses worldwide suffer from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ-specific, immune-mediated disease with painful, remitting-relapsing inflammatory attacks alternating with periods of quiescence, which ultimately leads to blindness. In course of disease, both eyes can eventually be affected and since blind horses pose a threat to themselves and their surroundings, these animals have to be killed. Therefore, this disease is highly relevant for veterinary medicine.

Deviant proteome profile of equine granulocytes associates to latent activation status in organ specific autoimmune disease.

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous, remitting-relapsing autoimmune disease driven by the adaptive immune system. Although T cells are described as the main effector cells in pathogenesis, granulocytes have also emerged as possible disease mediators. To explore the role of these innate immune cells, we investigated the whole cell proteome of granulocytes from equine recurrent uveitis cases and healthy controls.

CD11d is a novel antigen on chicken leukocytes.

In life sciences, antibodies are among the most commonly used tools for identifying, tracking, quantifying and isolating molecules, mainly proteins. However, it has recently become clear that antibodies often fall short with respect to specificity and selectivity and in many cases target proteins are not even known. When commercial availability of antibodies is scarce, e.