Obesogenic effects of warm temperature involve feeding adaptation by preoptic area leptin receptor neurons.

The preoptic area (POA) is a well-established regulator of body temperature, but its role in feeding behavior remains underexplored. Our study identifies leptin receptor (Lepr)-expressing neurons in the POA (POA) as critical component to suppress food intake (FI) and increase satiety in response to warm ambient temperatures. Utilizing chemogenetic activation in mice of both sexes, we demonstrate that selective activation of POA neurons mimics the effects of warm temperatures, leading to a significant reduction in FI.

Exploring modifiable neighborhood risk factors for fatal opioid overdose: A case-control study in two US cities.

To explore associations between physical and social neighborhood factors and fatal opioid overdose, we remotely visited 2018-2019 fatal opioid overdose locations in New York City (n=2867) and Chicago (n=1677) via Google Street View and used a reliable and valid tool to assess 65 street block characteristics. We compared these locations to a proportional sample of blocks with no 2018-2019 overdoses (New York City n=2093; Chicago n=1148). We used logistic regression to explore associations between block characteristics and odds of an overdose event, controlling for neighborhood-level covariates (poverty, segregation).

Association between police funding and community firearm violence incidence in 61 US cities, 2015-2022.

Objective: To understand if increased investment in policing is associated with decreased rates of community firearm violence (CFV), we examined temporal trends in shooting rates and police funding and explored associations between police expenditure and CFV incidence in United States (US) cities.

Study Design: We conducted an ecological space-time panel analysis utilizing data from 61 large cities in the United States from 2015 to 2022.

Methods: Police expenditure was obtained from city budgets and shooting data were abstracted from Gun Violence Archive.

Gut-brain communication: Functional anatomy of vagal afferents.

There is increasing interest in interoceptive mechanisms as a key player in mental health. The vagus nerve is an important pathway of communication between the body and the brain, and recent advances in neurobiological techniques have enabled the identification of function-specific populations of vagal sensory neurons. Here we briefly review this progress, focusing on vagal innervation of the gut and its involvement in ingestive behavior, metabolic regulation, and immune defense.

High-Protein Diet Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Fat Mass Accumulation and Hyperglycemia.

Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes is the most common form of drug-induced hyperglycemia. In addition, chronic exposure to glucocorticoids promotes lean mass loss and fat mass accumulation. In this study, we hypothesized that a high-protein diet (60% kcal; HPD) would help to offset sarcopenia during oral administration of corticosterone to C57BL/6J mice.

Protein-Restricted Diets and Their Impact on Metabolic Health and Aging.

Recent improvements in human longevity have highlighted the challenge of maintaining health throughout extended lifespans. This review examines how organisms regulate nutrient intake and metabolism, focusing on dietary protein's unique role in health and longevity. While caloric restriction enhances longevity, adherence to a low-calorie diet is challenging.

Impact of air entrainment on wet bead milling of drug nanosuspensions and approaches for monitoring entrained air.

This study investigates the impact of entrained air on the efficiency of wet bead milling within pharmaceutical development, using two aqueous nanosuspension formulations as case studies. Aqueous formulations of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are routinely employed in wet bead milling to develop therapeutic nanosuspensions which modulate drug release. However, these formulations can present significant manufacturing challenges, many of which may be directly caused or exacerbated by air entrainment.

Extreme Heat and Firearm Violence in New York City Public Housing: The Mitigating Role of Air Conditioning.

Higher outdoor temperatures are associated with greater incidence of firearm violence in urban areas in the United States. This study adds to the existing literature base by exploring the potential mitigating role of air conditioning (AC). The setting for this repeated-measures ecological cross-sectional study is New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) developments, which are known to experience disproportionate rates of firearm violence.

Leveraging spatiotemporal Bayesian analysis to unravel polysubstance use and overdose risk: Opportunities and challenges.

In the current wave of the opioid epidemic, the prevalence of polysubstance use continues to complicate drug-related deaths. Most studies to date use non-spatial statistical approaches to examine the association between polysubstance use and overdose risk, without considering the spatial distribution of these latent sub-patterns of use. This paper describes the utility and potential impact of using disease mapping and Bayesian spatiotemporal approaches for analyzing and monitoring polysubstance use and overdose risk to better respond to the ongoing opioid epidemic.

A scoping review on the methods used to assess health-related quality of life and disability burden in evaluations of road safety interventions.

Introduction: Road traffic crashes globally cause 1.3 million deaths yearly and the rate of nonfatal crashes is increasing. Nonfatal injuries impact long-term quality of life, which is often overlooked in evaluations.

Building a Culture of Health Through the Built Environment: Impact of a Cluster Randomized Trial Remediating Vacant and Abandoned Property on Health Mindsets.

Changing built environment conditions to impact health mindsets and health equity may be a promising target for public health interventions. The present study was a cluster randomized controlled trial to test the impact of remediating vacant and abandoned properties on factors related to health mindset-including well-being, health interconnectedness, social capital markers, neighborhood disorder, and worry-as well as direct and indirect violence experiences and the moderating role of racial and income segregation on outcomes. A residential cohort of 405 participants from 194 randomly assigned geographic clusters was surveyed over five waves from 2019 to 2023.

The Contribution of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Neighborhood Characteristics on Outcomes Experienced by Urban Dwelling Black Men After Serious Traumatic Injury.

Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are serious consequences of physical injuries. Stress associated with living in urban neighborhoods with socioecological disadvantages and the cumulative burdens of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can lead to poorer psychological outcomes. Limited research has explored how ACEs and socioecological environmental exposures in childhood and adulthood, together, impact post-injury outcomes.

The Association Between Street Construction Projects and Community Violence in New York City.

Community violence is a major cause of injury and death in the USA. Empirical studies have identified that some place-based interventions of urban private places, such as remediations of vacant lots and buildings, are associated with reductions in community violence in surrounding areas. The aim of this study was to examine whether routine maintenance and repair of urban public places (e.

Early adolescent second-generation antipsychotic exposure produces long-term, post-treatment increases in body weight and metabolism-associated gene expression.

The use of second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications in pediatric patients raises concerns about potential long-term adverse outcomes. The current study evaluated the long-term effects of treatment with risperidone or olanzapine on body weight, caloric intake, serum insulin, blood glucose, and metabolism-associated gene expression in C57Bl/6J female mice. Compared to mice treated with vehicle, female mice treated with risperidone or olanzapine gained weight at higher rates during treatment and maintained higher body weights for months following treatment cessation.

Defining harmful news reporting on community firearm violence: A modified Delphi consensus study.

Community firearm violence (CFV), including fatal and non-fatal shootings that result from interpersonal violence, disproportionately harms people from marginalized racial groups. News reporting on CFV can further exacerbate these harms. However, examining the effects of harmful news reporting on CFV on individuals, communities, and society is hindered by the lack of a consensus definition of harmful reporting on CFV.

Leptin receptor neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus require distinct neuronal subsets for thermogenesis and weight loss.

The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) receives inputs from the preoptic area (POA), where ambient temperature mediates physiological adaptations of energy expenditure and food intake. Warm-activated POA neurons suppress energy expenditure via brown adipose tissue (BAT) projecting neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus/dorsal hypothalamic area (dDMH/DHA). Our earlier work identified leptin receptor (Lepr)-expressing, BAT-projecting dDMH/DHA neurons that mediate metabolic leptin effects.

FGF21 acts in the brain to drive macronutrient-specific changes in behavioral motivation and brain reward signaling.

Objective: Dietary protein restriction induces adaptive changes in food preference, increasing protein consumption over carbohydrates or fat. We investigated whether motivation and reward signaling underpin these preferences.

Methods And Results: In an operant task, protein-restricted male mice responded more for liquid protein rewards, but not carbohydrate, fat, or sweet rewards compared to non-restricted mice.

From Neighborhood to Household: Connections Between Neighborhood Vacant and Abandoned Property and Family Violence.

Rates of family violence, including intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment, remain high in the USA and contribute to substantial health and economic costs. How neighborhood environment may influence family violence remains poorly understood. We examine the association between neighborhood vacant and abandoned properties and family violence, and the role collective efficacy may play in that relationship.

Women's attitudes towards intimate partner violence in Guyana: a population-based study.

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global health issue and a breach of human rights. However, the literature lacks understanding of how socioeconomic and geographic disparities influence women's attitudes toward IPV in Guyana over time. This study aimed to assess trends in women's attitudes about IPV in Guyana.

History and future of leptin: Discovery, regulation and signaling.

The cloning of leptin 30 years ago in 1994 was an important milestone in obesity research. Prior to the discovery of leptin, obesity was stigmatized as a condition caused by lack of character and self-control. Mutations in either leptin or its receptor were the first single gene mutations found to cause severe obesity, and it is now recognized that obesity is caused mostly by a dysregulation of central neuronal circuits.