Patterns of genetic admixture reveal similar rates of borrowing across diverse scenarios of language contact.

When speakers of different languages are in contact, they often borrow features like sounds, words, or syntactic patterns from one language to the other. However, the lack of historical data has hampered estimation of this effect at a global scale. We overcome this hurdle by using genetic admixture and shared geohistorical location as a proxy for population contact.

Human population history on the North Coast of peru from Y chromosomes and mitogenomes.

The Central Andes and Pacific coast of Peru were an important center of cultural development in prehistoric South America. In particular, the North Coast of Peru had a significant demographic weight and witnessed a succession of societies and polities, some of which achieved state-level complexity. To understand the impact of this legacy on the genetic diversity of people living today, we generated 76 Y-chromosomal STR profiles and 143 full mtDNA sequences from four communities of the Peruvian North Coast.

Arthroscopic Management of Medial or Rotational Ankle Instability: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence.

Introduction: Rotational ankle instability (RAI), involving combined medial and lateral ligament insufficiency, is an increasingly recognized clinical entity. While open surgery has traditionally been the mainstay for treating deltoid ligament injuries, recent developments in arthroscopic techniques offer a minimally invasive alternative. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the current evidence on the arthroscopic management of medial and rotational ankle instability, focusing on surgical techniques, clinical outcomes, and complications.

FPG Score: A Rapid Admission-Based Tool for Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Elderly Hip Fracture Patients.

Objective: Hip fractures in elderly patients are a major public health concern, associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early identification of high-risk patients is crucial to guide clinical decision-making, optimize resource allocation, and improve outcomes. However, existing risk prediction models, such as the Nottingham Hip Fracture Score (NHFS) and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), require laboratory or postoperative data, delaying risk stratification.

Curating global datasets of structural linguistic features for independence.

The increasing availability of cross-linguistic databases dedicated to documenting morphosyntactic, lexical and phonological features has proliferated the use of such data for studies on language evolution and human history. However, most of these databases were not designed to ensure independence of features, such that it is not valid to jointly use all their features in large-scale statistical analyses assuming independence of inputs. Here, we curate published data from five large linguistic databases to generate two global-scale cross-linguistic datasets: GBI (from the Grambank dataset), and TLI (using inputs from the World Atlas of Language Structures, AUTOTYP, PHOIBLE and Lexibank).

Global musical diversity is largely independent of linguistic and genetic histories.

Music is a universal yet diverse cultural trait transmitted between generations. The extent to which global musical diversity traces cultural and demographic history, however, is unresolved. Using a global musical dataset of 5242 songs from 719 societies, we identify five axes of musical diversity and show that music contains geographical and historical structures analogous to linguistic and genetic diversity.

Bridging the gap: returning genetic results to indigenous communities in Latin America.

In response to inequality in access to genomics research, efforts are underway to include underrepresented minorities, but explicit (and enforcing) guidelines are mostly targeted toward the Global North. In this work, we elaborate on the need to return scientific results to indigenous communities, reporting the actions we have taken in a recent genomic study with Mapuche communities in Chile. Our approach acknowledged the social dynamics perpetuating colonial hierarchies.

On Roth's "human fossil" from Baradero, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina: morphological and genetic analysis.

The "human fossil" from Baradero, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, is a collection of skeleton parts first recovered by the paleontologist Santiago Roth and further studied by the anthropologist Rudolf Martin. By the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century it was considered one of the oldest human skeletons from South America's southern cone. Here, we present the results of an interdisciplinary approach to study and contextualize the ancient individual remains.

The genetic history of the Southern Andes from present-day Mapuche ancestry.

The southernmost regions of South America harbor some of the earliest evidence of human presence in the Americas. However, connections with the rest of the continent and the contextualization of present-day indigenous ancestries remain poorly resolved. In this study, we analyze the genetic ancestry of one of the largest indigenous groups in South America: the Mapuche.

Efficacy and Safety of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir, Molnupiravir, and Remdesivir in a Real-World Cohort of Outpatients with COVID-19 at High Risk of Progression: The PISA Outpatient Clinic Experience.

Introduction: Different antivirals are available for the treatment of outpatients with COVID-19. Our aim was to describe a real-world experience of outpatient management of COVID-19 subjects at high risk of progression.

Methods: This prospective observational study conducted in the University Hospital of Pisa (January 2022-July 2022) included consecutive COVID-19 outpatients with at least one risk factor for disease progression.

A global analysis of matches and mismatches between human genetic and linguistic histories.

Human history is written in both our genes and our languages. The extent to which our biological and linguistic histories are congruent has been the subject of considerable debate, with clear examples of both matches and mismatches. To disentangle the patterns of demographic and cultural transmission, we need a global systematic assessment of matches and mismatches.

Global genomic analyses of wheat powdery mildew reveal association of pathogen spread with historical human migration and trade.

The fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici causes wheat powdery mildew disease.

Intravenous methylprednisolone pulses in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Rationale: Pulse glucocorticoid therapy is used in hyperinflammation related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We evaluated the efficacy and safety of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone in addition to standard treatment in COVID-19 pneumonia.

Methods: In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 304 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were randomised to receive 1 g of methylprednisolone intravenously for three consecutive days or placebo in addition to standard dexamethasone.

Early Use of Remdesivir and Risk of Disease Progression in Hospitalized Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19.

Purpose: Preliminary data suggest that remdesivir may influence the course of COVID-19 according to the duration of pre-admission symptoms. We aim to evaluate whether early use of remdesivir is associated with a reduced COVID-19 progression in a homogeneous cohort of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

Methods: This prospective, observational study included patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with remdesivir at the University Hospital of Pisa (Italy) from September 2020 to January 2021.

The performance of common SNP arrays in assigning African mitochondrial haplogroups.

Background: Mitochondrial haplogroup assignment is an important tool for forensics and evolutionary genetics. African populations are known to display a high diversity of mitochondrial haplogroups. In this research we explored mitochondrial haplogroup assignment in African populations using commonly used genome-wide SNP arrays.

Efficacy of Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab and Casirivimab/Imdevimab in Preventing Progression to Severe COVID-19 and Role of Variants of Concern.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of hospitalization or death in patients infected by SARS-CoV2 variants of concern (VOCs) receiving combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bamlanivimab/etesevimab or casirivimab/imdevimab.

Methods: Observational prospective study conducted in two Italian hospitals (University Hospital of Pisa and San Donato Hospital, Arezzo) including consecutive outpatients with COVID-19 who received bamlanivimab/etesevimab or casirivimab/imdevimab from March 20th to May 10th 2021. All patients were at high risk of COVID-19 progression according to FDA/AIFA recommendations.

Effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation in COVID-19 related-acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Introduction: During this long COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) are being widely used to treat patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory failure (ARF). As for now, data on the efficacy of NIV in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are lacking, and for this reason it is extremely important to accurately determine the outcomes of this strategy. This study aimed to evaluate clinical data and outcomes of NIV in patients with COVID-19 ARDS.

Gluconeogenesis, But Not Glycogenolysis, Contributes to the Increase in Endogenous Glucose Production by SGLT-2 Inhibition.

Objective: Recent studies indicate that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibition increases endogenous glucose production (EGP), potentially counteracting the glucose-lowering potency, and stimulates lipid oxidation and lipolysis. However, the acute effects of SGLT-2 inhibition on hepatic glycogen, lipid, and energy metabolism have not yet been analyzed. We therefore investigated the impact of a single dose of dapagliflozin (D) or placebo (P) on hepatic glycogenolysis, hepatocellular lipid (HCL) content and mitochondrial activity (ATP).

COVID-19: general overview, pharmacological options and ventilatory support strategies.

The novel coronavirus called "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2) caused an outbreak in December 2019, starting from the Chinese city of Wuhan, in the Hubei province, and rapidly spreading to the rest of the world. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) can be characterized as a pandemic. During COVID-19 several immunological alterations have been observed: in plasma of severe patients, inflammatory cytokines are at a much higher concentration ("cytokine storm").

Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with COVID-19 ARDS undergoing noninvasive ventilation.

Background: The severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is extremely variable, ranging from asymptomatic patients to those who develop severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As for now, there are still no really effective therapies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some evidences suggest that tocilizumab (TCZ) may avoid the progression of severe COVID-19.

Mechanisms for increased risk of diabetes in chronic liver diseases.

Objective: Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC), are at high risk of diabetes (T2D), but mechanisms are still unknown. Muscle/liver insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic dysfunction are the major metabolic defects leading to T2D. However, if the risk of T2D in CLD patients is because of reduced insulin response and/or to IR, and the impact of liver histology has not been investigated.

Pharmacologicaltreatment of COVID-19: lights and shadows.

At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, caused an outbreak of pneumonia spreading from Wuhan, Hubei province, to the whole country of China and then the entire world, forcing the World Health Organization to make the assessment that the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can be characterized as a pandemic, the first ever caused by a coronavirus. To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking. In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide.