The impact of preoperative biliary drainage on bile colonization of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Background: Preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) may be performed for jaundiced patients with periampullary tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PBD on biliary microbiome and perioperative complications in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).

Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 323 patients who underwent PD between March 2018 and March 2024.

Microcystin-LR Exposure Damages Neurons by Inducing α-Syn Aggregation via MAPK4/GATA2/SNCA and PP2A/GRKs Pathways.

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a natural neurotoxin with strong toxicity, and studies have demonstrated that chronic MC-LR exposure generated Parkinson-like dyskinesia in mice. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurologic degenerative disease mostly occurring in elderly people, and the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and the formation of Lewy bodies are the hallmark pathological features. The main component of Lewy bodies is α-synuclein (α-syn) encoded by the SNCA gene, and the copy number mutation of SNCA gene can promote the overexpression of α-syn.