Human viruses: An ever-increasing list.

It has been 124 years since yellow fever was demonstrated to be caused by a 'filterable agent'. While long-standing viral diseases, with the exception of smallpox, continue to be endemic, new ones have been emerging intermittently, primarily from a substantial zoonotic reservoir, leading to significant socioeconomic consequences. Currently, we are contending not only with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic but with surges of various other viral infections.

The origin and evolution of European eel rhabdovirus dominant genotype.

The Eel Virus European X (EVEX) is a significant pathogen contributing to the decline of eel populations. As an important evolutionary driving force, it is crucial to understand whether homologous recombination (HR)occurs between EVEXs for revealing the evolutionary patterns of the virus. This study indicates that HR may enhance genetic diversity and accelerate the evolution and spread of EVEX.

Intrasegmental recombination as an evolutionary force of Lassa fever virus.

Lassa fever (LF), caused by Lassa virus (LASV), is one of the most dangerous diseases to public health. Homologous recombination (HR) is a basic genetic power driving biological evolution. However, as a negative-stranded RNA virus, it is unknown whether HR occurs between LASVs and its influence on the outbreak of LF.

Discovery of vaccine-like recombinant SARS-CoV-2 circulating in human.

For viral diseases, vaccination with live attenuated vaccine (LAV) is one of the most effective means for fighting the diseases. However, LAV occasionally overflows from vaccinated individuals circulate in the population with unforeseen consequences. Currently, SARS-CoV-2 LAVs are undergoing clinical trials.

Evolution of cucurbit-infecting tobamoviruses: Recombination and codon usage bias.

Currently, there are seven cucurbit-infecting tobamoviruses comprising cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (KGMMV), cucumber fruit mottle mosaic virus (CFMMV), zucchini green mottle mosaic virus (ZGMMV), cucumber mottle virus (CMoV), watermelon green mottle mosaic virus (WGMMV), and Trichosanthes mottle mosaic virus (TrMMV). To gain more insights into their evolution, recombination analyses were conducted. Four CGMMV isolates and one KGMMV isolate were suggested to be recombinants.

Evolution of Potato virus X.

Potato virus X (PVX) is the type potexvirus of economic significance. The pathogen is distributed worldwide, threatening solanaceous plants in particular. Based on the coat protein (CP) gene, PVX isolates are classified into two major genotypes (I and II).

YY1 and RTCB in mouse uterine decidualization and embryo implantation.

As a multifunctional transcription factor, YY1 regulates the expression of many genes essential for early embryonic development. RTCB is an RNA ligase that plays a role in tRNA maturation and Xbp1 mRNA splicing. YY1 can bind in vitro to the response element in the proximal promoter of Rtcb and regulate Rtcb promoter activity.

The dominant strain of SARS-CoV-2 is a mosaicism.

COVID-19 is seriously threatening human health all over the world. A comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms driving the rapid evolution of its pathogen (SARS-CoV-2) is the key to controlling this pandemic. In this study, by comparing the entire genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Asia, Europe and America, and analyzing their phylogenetic histories, we found a lineage derived from a recombination event that likely occurred before March 2020.

Novirhabdoviruses versus fish innate immunity: A review.

Novirhabdoviruses belong to the Rhabdoviridae family of RNA viruses. All of the four members are pathogenic for bony fish. Particularly, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) often cause mass animal deaths and huge economic losses, representing major obstacles to fish farming industry worldwide.

[Expression and regulation of XBP1 in mouse uterus during early pregnancy].

The transcription factor X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1) plays a key role in unfolded protein reaction. This study was aimed to investigate the expression pattern and regulation of XBP1 in the mouse uterus during early pregnancy. The methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real time quantitative RT-PCR were used to test XBP1 expression in early pregnancy, artificial decidualization, oestrous cycle and hormone-regulated mouse models.

The matrix segment of the "Spanish flu" virus originated from intragenic recombination between avian and human influenza A viruses.

The 1918 Spanish flu virus has claimed more than 50 million lives. However, the mechanism of its high pathogenicity remains elusive; and the origin of the virus is controversial. The matrix (M) segment regulates the replication of influenza A virus, thereby affecting its virulence and pathogenicity.

Abiotic Stresses: General Defenses of Land Plants and Chances for Engineering Multistress Tolerance.

Abiotic stresses, such as low or high temperature, deficient or excessive water, high salinity, heavy metals, and ultraviolet radiation, are hostile to plant growth and development, leading to great crop yield penalty worldwide. It is getting imperative to equip crops with multistress tolerance to relieve the pressure of environmental changes and to meet the demand of population growth, as different abiotic stresses usually arise together in the field. The feasibility is raised as land plants actually have established more generalized defenses against abiotic stresses, including the cuticle outside plants, together with unsaturated fatty acids, reactive species scavengers, molecular chaperones, and compatible solutes inside cells.

Rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus using reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick.

Foot-and-mouth disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most highly contagious diseases of domestic animals, and leads to enormous economic loss. Currently there are two main prevention and control strategies for the disease: eradication of the infected animals in FMDV free countries, and vaccination of the susceptible animals in countries with endemic FMDV infection. Early discovery and diagnosis of the source of infection is therefore integral to the containment of FMDV.

Cellular prion protein is involved in decidualization of mouse uterus.

Prion protein (PrP) is encoded by a single copy gene Prnp in many cell and tissue types. PrP is very famous for its infectious conformers (PrPSC) resulting in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. At present, physiological functions of its cellular isoform (PrPC) remain ambiguous.

A permanent host shift of rabies virus from Chiroptera to Carnivora associated with recombination.

Bat virus host shifts can result in the spread of diseases with significant effects. The rabies virus (RABV) is able to infect almost all mammals and is therefore a useful model for the study of host shift mechanisms. Carnivore RABVs originated from two historical host shifts from bat viruses.

Evolution of rice stripe virus.

Rice stripe virus (RSV) is an insect-borne tenuivirus of economical significance. It is endemic to the rice-growing regions of East Asia and exhibits more genetic diversity in Yunnan Province of China. To gain more insights into the molecular epidemiology and evolution of RSV, recombination analyses were conducted and potential events were detected in each of the four RNA segments of RSV.

New genetic mechanism, origin and population dynamic of bovine ephemeral fever virus.

Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is a typical species of the genusEphemerovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. Today, prevailing BEFV can be divided into three phylogeographic lineages, East Asia, Mideast, and Australia. In this study, we provide evidence that the whole East Asia lineage originates from a homologous recombination (HR) between the Mideast and Australia lineages that probably occurred in the 1940s.

Studying classical swine fever virus: making the best of a bad virus.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars. Outbreak of CSF can cause heavy economic losses to the pig industry. The strategies to prevent, control and eradicate CSF disease are based on containing the disease through a systematic prophylactic vaccination policy and a non-vaccination stamping-out policy.

Vaccination influences the evolution of classical swine fever virus.

Classical swine fever is a serious, economically damaging disease caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The CSFV is composed of two clades, according to phylogenetic estimates. Attenuated live vaccine such as HCLV, has been widely used to protect pigs from CSFV, but the influence of vaccination on the evolution of CSFV has not been studied.

Identification of two severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus strains originating from reassortment.

Recently, a novel bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), was isolated in central China. The virus can cause multi-clinical symptoms: severe fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, with a mortality rate of ~10%. Several studies show that SFTSV could undergo rapid evolution via gene mutation and homologous recombination.

Dating the divergence of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus.

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an economically significant rhabdovirus that can cause severe disease to most salmonid fish. Phylogenetic analyses of worldwide IHNV isolates have defined five major genogroups. Herein, to further the understanding of the molecular epidemiology and evolution of IHNV, Bayesian coalescent analyses were conducted to the time-stamped coding sequences of the N, G and NV genes.

Isolation and identification of a novel rabies virus lineage in China with natural recombinant nucleoprotein gene.

Rabies virus (RABV) causes severe neurological disease and death. As an important mechanism for generating genetic diversity in viruses, homologous recombination can lead to the emergence of novel virus strains with increased virulence and changed host tropism. However, it is still unclear whether recombination plays a role in the evolution of RABV.

Discovery of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus strains originating from intragenic recombination.

This study analyzes available severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) genomes and reports that a sublineage of lineage I bears a unique M segment recombined from two of three prevailing SFTSV lineages. Through recombination, the sublineage has acquired nearly complete G1 associated with protective epitopes from lineage III, suggesting that this recombination has the capacity to induce antigenic shift of the virus. Therefore, this study provides some valuable implications for the vaccine design of SFTSV.

Identification of three H1N1 influenza virus groups with natural recombinant genes circulating from 1918 to 2009.

In this study, we identify a recombinant pb1 gene, a recombinant MP segment and a recombinant PA segment. The pb1 gene is recombined from two Eurasia swine H1N1 influenza virus lineages. It belongs to a H1N1 swine clade circulating in Europe and Asia from 1999 to 2009.

Yin yang-1 regulates the characterized murine focal adhesion-associated protein promoter.

The focal adhesion-associated protein (FAAP), product of the murine D10Wsu52e gene, is involved in modulating cell adhesion dynamics. The ubiquitously expressed protein belongs to the highly conserved UPF0027 family, the newly identified RNA >p ligase family. To understand the mechanisms underlying FAAP expression and regulation, we first mapped its major transcription start site at the nucleotide 79  bp upstream of the ATG codon.