RING-Between-RING-Type E3 Ligase Ariadne-Like Protein 8 Negatively Regulates Plant Virus Infection by Targeting a Viral Movement Protein.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a highly conserved machinery that plays a crucial role in plant defense against viruses. However, the number of E3 ligases targeting viral proteins remains limited. Although RING-between-RING (RBR)-type E3 ligases are evolutionarily conserved across organisms, their functions in plant responses to biotic stress remain largely unknown.

Characterization of ginsenoside compound K loaded ionically cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan-calcium nanoparticles and its cytotoxic potential against prostate cancer cells.

Backgroud: Ginsenoside compound K (GK) is a major metabolite of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides and has remarkable anticancer activities and . This work used an ionic cross-linking method to entrap GK within O-carboxymethyl chitosan (OCMC) nanoparticles (Nps) to form GK-loaded OCMC Nps (GK-OCMC Nps), which enhance the aqueous solubility and stability of GK.

Methods: The GK-OCMC Nps were characterized using several physicochemical techniques, including x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis, and particle size analysis via dynamic light scattering.