Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and multi-angle laser light scattering: A new analytical approach for the characterisation of insect protein aggregation/polymerisation after heat treatment of larvae.

Understanding the structural modifications of insect proteins during the transformation processes used for extract preparation is essential for optimising their functionalities and obtaining high added-value proteins. From this perspective and in addition to classical analytical approaches, we developed an original methodology based on the implementation of Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation and Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (A4F-MALLS) coupling to quantify and characterise the aggregation/polymerisation phenomena of larvae proteins after heat treatment (from 65 to 95 °C). Applied to heat-treated larvae proteins in conjunction with the evaluation of intrinsic fluorescence, surface hydrophobicity and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the AF4-MALLS method enabled us to quantify and characterise the aggregated proteins (forms dissociable after urea denaturation), determining the polymer/monomer (P/M) ratio.

True ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible amino acid scores (DIAASs) of the cruciferin and napin fractions of rapeseed: Impact of processing.

Processes are being developed to exploit proteins from the residue of rapeseed oil extraction. Two main fractions of proteins can be purified: cruciferin and napin. The present work was carried out to characterize the nutritional quality of these fractions, while exploring the effect of the extraction conditions (neutral or acid), and that of the post extraction process (heating 1 h, 120 °C).

HPLC-DAD optimization of quantification of vescalagin, gallic and ellagic acid in chestnut tannins.

The quantification of hydrolysable polyphenols such as gallic, ellagic acid and vescalagin by HPLC-DAD is classically run after methanol extraction as a reference solvent. Water extraction is usually discarded because of a lower obtention of total polyphenol content compared to methanol extraction. In our study, methanol was compared to water extraction in both the total polyphenol content method and the HPLC-DAD analysis.

Effect of leavening agent on Maillard reaction and the bifidogenic effect of traditional French bread.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of using sourdough or yeast as a leavening agent for French bread making on the Maillard reaction and the bifidogenic effect. Sugars, proteins, and free asparagine were quantified in bread dough before and after fermentation. The levels of the Maillard reaction precursors were very different depending on the leavening agent used, which affected the Maillard reaction during baking.

Plasma Levels of Free -Carboxymethyllysine (CML) after Different Oral Doses of CML in Rats and after the Intake of Different Breakfasts in Humans: Postprandial Plasma Level of sRAGE in Humans.

N-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and other dietary advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are chemically modified amino acids with potential toxicological effects putatively related to their affinity with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). The goal of this study was to determine the postprandial kinetics of CML in both rodents and humans and, in the latter, to evaluate their relationship with the soluble RAGE isoforms (sRAGE). Four gavage solutions containing different forms of CML were given to rats, and blood was collected over 8 h.

The Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 Treatment on Glycation and Diabetes Complications.

Scope: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) induces organ damage associated with glycation, among other metabolic pathways. While therapeutic strategies have been tested to reduce the formation and impact of glycation products, results remain equivocal. Anti-diabetic therapies using probiotics have been proposed, but their effect upon glycation has not been reported.

Carbamylation and glycation compete for collagen molecular aging in vivo.

Tissue aging is a complex phenomenon involving molecular aging of matrix proteins, which mainly results from their progressive alteration by nonenzymatic post-translational modifications (NEPTMs) such as glycation and carbamylation. These two reactions, which correspond to the binding of reactive metabolites (i.e.

The LepR mice model for studying glycation in the context of diabetes.

Background: Early (furosine) and advanced (carboxymethyllysine, CML) products of glycation (AGEs) have been reported as increased in plasma, tissues, and organs of diabetic people, indicating a direct link between glycation and type 2 diabetes (T2D). While murine models present some of the characteristics observed in diabetic humans, their pertinence as models of glycation, particularly for T2D, remains poorly described. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare glycation in several organs of two commonly studied murine models of T2D using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Effects of Maillard Reaction Products on Sensory and Nutritional Qualities of the Traditional French Baguette.

Unlabelled: The goals of this study were to evaluate the effect of baking time on the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) generated in the crust of the traditional French baguette and to estimate their impact on its sensory characteristics, its acrylamide content, and its bifidogenic effect. Melanoidins, volatile compounds, and acrylamide were evaluated in the crust of traditional French baguettes baked between 12 and 22 min at 225 °C. The increase in melanoidins was positively correlated to the baking time, while volatile compounds only increased until 18 min.

How Can Diet Affect the Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in the Human Body?

The accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is associated with the complications of diabetes, kidney disease, metabolic disorders and degenerative diseases. It is recognized that the pool of glycation products found in the human body comes not only from an endogenous formation, but also from a dietary exposure to exogenous AGEs. In recent years, the development of pharmacologically-active ingredients aimed at inhibiting endogenous glycation has not been successful.

Quantitative assessment of organ distribution of dietary protein-bound C-labeled N -carboxymethyllysine after a chronic oral exposure in mice.

Scope: N -Carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) is a prominent advanced glycation end-product which is not only found in vivo but also in food. It is known that a percentage of the dietary CML (dCML) is absorbed into the circulation and only partly excreted in the urine. Several studies have tried to measure how much dCML remains in tissues.

Effect of added nitrogen fertilizer on pyrazines of roasted chicory.

Background: Coffee substitutes made of roasted chicory are affected by the formation of acrylamide whose main precursor is asparagine. One strategy for limiting the formation of acrylamide is to reduce free asparagine in the chicory roots by lessening the supply of nitrogen in the field. However, decreasing nitrogen fertilizer could affect the formation of the volatile compounds and, consequently, the sensory characteristics of the roasted chicory.

The impact of raw materials and baking conditions on Maillard reaction products, thiamine, folate, phytic acid and minerals in white bread.

The aim of this study was to develop a white bread with improved nutrient contents and reduced levels of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products such as N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Assays were carried out through a full factorial experimental design allowing the simultaneous analysis of four factors at two levels: (1) wheat flour extraction rates (ash content: 0.60%-0.

Impact of Variety and Agronomic Factors on Crude Protein and Total Lysine in Chicory; N(ε)-Carboxymethyl-lysine-Forming Potential during Drying and Roasting.

During the heat treatment of coffee and its substitutes some compounds potentially deleterious to health are synthesized by the Maillard reaction. Among these, N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) was detected at high levels in coffee substitutes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of changes in agricultural practice on the lysine content present in chicory roots and try to limit CML formation during roasting.

The rehabilitation of raw and brown butters by the measurement of two of the major Maillard products, N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, with validated chromatographic methods.

The fat food group, especially butter, has so far been thought to have a high N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) content. However recent data have challenged this opinion. The objective of this article was to determine not only CML content but also that of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in raw and cooked butters.

Dietary CML-enriched protein induces functional arterial aging in a RAGE-dependent manner in mice.

Scope: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are endogenously produced and are present in food. N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is an endothelial activator via the receptor for AGEs (RAGEs) and is a major dietary AGE. This work investigated the effects of a CML-enriched diet and RAGE involvement in aortic aging in mice.

Formula-derived advanced glycation end products are involved in the development of long-term inflammation and oxidative stress in kidney of IUGR piglets.

Scope: Formula-derived dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may promote programming of inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) piglets.

Methods And Results: IUGR piglets received either a low temperature heated formula (n = 8) or a high temperature heated formula (HHF: n = 8) or suckled naturally for 3 wk postnatally. Then they were fed with normal ad libitum regular diet.

An advanced glycation end product (AGE)-rich diet promotes Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine accumulation in the cardiac tissue and tendons of rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake, excretion, and tissue accumulation of carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), after feeding rats a diet containing advanced glycation end products (AGEs) from a glucose-lysine (GL) model system. Rats were distributed into two groups and assigned to a control diet or a diet including 3% heated GL (GL diet) for three months. Feces and urine were collected over the last week.

Acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine in coffee substitutes and instant coffees.

Sensitive analytical methods were developed and validated for the quantification of acrylamide, N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in 24 commercial coffee substitutes (CSs) and 12 instant coffees (ICs). Acrylamide levels varied widely from 200 to 4940 µg kg(-1) with higher levels in CSs. Only two out of 24 CSs had a level of acrylamide above the indicative value set for this food category by the European Commission (4000 µg kg(-1)).

Microorganisms and Maillard reaction products: a review of the literature and recent findings.

Research on the impact of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) on microorganisms has been reported in the literature for the last 60 years. In the current study, the impact of an MRP-rich medium on the growth of three strains of Escherichia coli was measured by comparing two classic methods for studying the growth of bacteria (plate counting and optical density at 600 nm) and by tracing MRP utilisation. Early stage and advanced MRPs in the culture media were assessed by quantifying furosine and N (ε) -carboxymethyllysine (CML) levels, respectively, using chromatographic methods.

Metabolic transit of N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine after consumption of AGEs from bread crust.

Our aim was to investigate carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) intake and excretion after feeding rats with diets containing advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) from bread crust (BC) or its soluble or insoluble fractions, and to identify the factors responsible for the effects observed. CML in serum and different tissues was measured to detect possible accumulations. For 88 days, weanling rats were fed with either a control diet or one containing BC, or its soluble low molecular weight (LMW), soluble high molecular weight (HMW) or insoluble fractions.

Digestibility of extruded proteins and metabolic transit of N ε -carboxymethyllysine in rats.

Milk proteins are frequently used as supplements in fortified foods. However, processing produces chemical changes which likely affect the nutritional advantage. This study was intended to explore the possible difference in digestibility between extruded and non-extruded caseins and how the dietary N (ε) -carboxymethyllysine (CML) is metabolised.

Highly heated food rich in Maillard reaction products limit an experimental colitis in mice.

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are a mixture of compounds generated after the heat treatment of food. High circulating levels of MRPs have been associated with degenerative pathologies such as diabetes, but little is known about their effect on the gut, the main organ in contact with food-derived MRPs. This study was aimed at determining whether repeated low-level exposure to MRPs, generated via two different heat treatments, can contribute to the modulation of experimental colitis in mice.

Study of the urinary and faecal excretion of Nε-carboxymethyllysine in young human volunteers.

The dietary habits of the adolescent population with a high intake of snack and fast foods mean that they consume a high rate of which in turn leads to the development of different degenerative disorders. There are few studies available on MRP absorption and metabolism. We investigated the effects of a MRP-high and a MRP-low diet on carboxymethyllysine (CML) intake and excretion in 11-14 years adolescent males.