Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Multisystemic Therapy and Functional Family Therapy Targeting Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence.

Objective: Youth criminal justice systems are under growing pressure to reduce re-offending behavior and to support young people's health and developmental needs. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to synthesise evidence for 2 prominent community-based interventions for delinquent and antisocial behavior, namely, multisystemic therapy (MST) and functional family therapy (FFT).

Method: We searched Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, and Social Services Abstracts for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies evaluating MST/FFT.

The Hospital Burden Associated With Intergenerational Contact With the Welfare System in Australia.

Importance: Intergenerational welfare contact is a policy issue because of the personal and social costs of entrenched disadvantage; yet, few studies have quantified the burden associated with intergenerational welfare contact for health.

Objective: To examine the proportion of individuals who experienced intergenerational welfare contact and other welfare contact types and to estimate their cause-specific hospital burden.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study used a whole-of-population linked administrative dataset of individuals followed from birth to age 20 years using deidentified data from the Better Evidence Better Outcomes Linked Data platform (Australian Government Centrelink [welfare payments], birth registration, perinatal birth records, and inpatient hospitalizations).

Emulating a target trial of intensive nurse home visiting in the policy-relevant population using linked administrative data.

Background: Populations willing to participate in randomized trials may not correspond well to policy-relevant target populations. Evidence of effectiveness that is complementary to randomized trials may be obtained by combining the 'target trial' causal inference framework with whole-of-population linked administrative data.

Methods: We demonstrate this approach in an evaluation of the South Australian Family Home Visiting Program, a nurse home visiting programme targeting socially disadvantaged families.

Smoking cessation care during pregnancy: A qualitative exploration of midwives' challenging role.

Problem: The majority of South Australian pregnant women who smoke do not quit during pregnancy. Additionally, the prevalence of smoking is higher among pregnant women living in socially disadvantaged areas.

Background: Understanding challenges in midwives' provision of smoking cessation care can elucidate opportunities to facilitate women's smoking cessation.

Characteristics of paediatric frequent presenters at emergency departments: A whole-of-population study.

Aim: To quantify the frequency of emergency department (ED) presentations and profile the socio-demographic, health and presentation characteristics of paediatric ED frequent presenters.

Methods: A population-based data linkage study of 55 921 children in the South Australian Early Childhood Data Project aged 0-12 years with 100 976 presentations to public hospital EDs in South Australia. For each child, the total number of recurrent ED presentations during a 364-day period post-index presentation was calculated.

Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on childhood type 1 diabetes: a whole-of-population study.

Aims/hypothesis: Evidence of an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (prenatal smoking) and childhood type 1 diabetes is mixed. Previous studies have been small and potentially biased due to unmeasured confounding. The objectives of this study were to estimate the association between prenatal smoking and childhood type 1 diabetes, assess residual confounding with a negative control design and an E-value analysis, and summarise published effect estimates from a meta-analysis.

Potentially preventable hospitalisations in children: a comparison of definitions.

Objective: To compare admission rate, cumulative incidence and social distribution of potentially preventable hospitalisations (PPHs) among children according to the current Australian adult definition, and the child definition developed in New Zealand.

Design, Setting, Participants: Deidentified, linked public hospital, births registry and perinatal data of children aged 0-10 years born 2002-2012 in South Australia (n=1 91 742).

Main Outcome Measures: PPH admission rates among 0-10 year olds and cumulative incidence by age 5 under the adult and child definitions.

The controlled direct effect of temperament at 2-3 years on cognitive and academic outcomes at 6-7 years.

There is widespread interest in temperament and its impact upon cognitive and academic outcomes. Parents adjust their parenting according to their child's temperament, however, few studies have accounted for parenting while estimating the association between temperament and academic outcomes. We examined the associations between temperament (2-3 years) and cognitive and academic outcomes (6-7 years) when mediation by parenting practices (4-5 years) was held constant, by estimating the controlled direct effect.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of early life non-cognitive skills on academic, psychosocial, cognitive and health outcomes.

Success in school and the labour market relies on more than high intelligence. Associations between "non-cognitive" skills in childhood, such as attention, self-regulation, and perseverance, and later outcomes have been widely investigated. In a systematic review of this literature, we screened 9553 publications, reviewed 554 eligible publications, and interpreted results from 222 better quality publications.

The association between A Body Shape Index and mortality: Results from an Australian cohort.

It is well recognised that obesity increases the risk of premature death. A Body Shape Index (ABSI) is a formula that uses waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and height to predict risk of premature mortality, where a high score (Quartile 4) indicates that a person's WC is more than expected given their height and weight. Our study examines the association between ABSI quartiles and all-cause-, cardiovascular- and cancer-related mortality, and primary cause of death.

Associations of parental food-choice control and use of food to soothe with adiposity in childhood and adolescence.

Background: Associations of parental feeding techniques with adiposity are mixed and largely rely on cross-sectional studies. We examined associations between parental food-choice control and using food to soothe at 3.5 years on adiposity at 7 and 15 years.

Gestational age and school achievement: a population study.

Objective: Academic achievement varies according to gestational age but it is unclear whether achievement varies within 'term' (37-41 weeks gestation) or for 'post-term' births (≥42 weeks). We examined gestational age from preterm to post-term against a national minimum standard for academic achievement in population data.

Design: Literacy and numeracy data of 8-year-old South Australian grade 3 children in 2008-2010 were linked to routinely collected perinatal data (N=28 155).

Do early life cognitive ability and self-regulation skills explain socio-economic inequalities in academic achievement? An effect decomposition analysis in UK and Australian cohorts.

Socio-economic inequalities in academic achievement emerge early in life and are observed across the globe. Cognitive ability and "non-cognitive" attributes (such as self-regulation) are the focus of many early years' interventions. Despite this, little research has compared the contributions of early cognitive and self-regulation abilities as separate pathways to inequalities in academic achievement.

Bias of health estimates obtained from chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems using telephone population surveys in Australia: results from a representative face-to-face survey in Australia from 2010 to 2013.

Background: Emerging communication technologies have had an impact on population-based telephone surveys worldwide. Our objective was to examine the potential biases of health estimates in South Australia, a state of Australia, obtained via current landline telephone survey methodologies and to report on the impact of mobile-only household on household surveys.

Methods: Data from an annual multi-stage, systematic, clustered area, face-to-face population survey, Health Omnibus Survey (approximately 3000 interviews annually), included questions about telephone ownership to assess the population that were non-contactable by current telephone sampling methods (2006 to 2013).

Parenting Practices at 24 to 47 Months and IQ at Age 8: Effect-Measure Modification by Infant Temperament.

Cognitive development might be influenced by parenting practices and child temperament. We examined whether the associations between parental warmth, control and intelligence quotient (IQ) may be heightened among children in difficult temperament. Participants were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 7,044).

Pre-Survey Text Messages (SMS) Improve Participation Rate in an Australian Mobile Telephone Survey: An Experimental Study.

Mobile telephone numbers are increasingly being included in household surveys samples. As approach letters cannot be sent because many do not have address details, alternatives approaches have been considered. This study assesses the effectiveness of sending a short message service (SMS) to a random sample of mobile telephone numbers to increase response rates.

The Active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) school-based cluster randomised controlled trial: effect on potential mediators.

Background: Active for life year 5 (AFLY5) is a school-based intervention, based on social cognitive theory, which aims to promote healthy levels of physical activity and healthy eating by improving a child's self-efficacy to make healthy choices, their knowledge of how to make such choices and prompting parents to support their children to make healthy choices. Previously published results showed no effect on the three primary outcomes and beneficial effects on three of nine secondary outcomes (time spent screen-viewing at weekends, consumption of snacks and of high energy drinks). This paper aims to determine the effect of the intervention on potential mediators.

Intervention fidelity in a school-based diet and physical activity intervention in the UK: Active for Life Year 5.

Background: Active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) is an educational programme for Year 5 children (aged 9-10) designed to increase children's physical activity, decrease sedentary behaviour and increase fruit and vegetable intake. This paper reports findings from a process evaluation embedded within a randomised controlled trial evaluating the programme's effectiveness. It considers the fidelity of implementation of AFLY5 with a focus on three research questions: 1.

Parental Midlife Body Shape and Association with Multiple Adult Offspring Obesity Measures: North West Adelaide Health Study.

There is compelling evidence that parental weight is a strong determinant of offspring weight status. The study used cross-sectional self-reported and measured data from a longitudinal cohort of Australian adults (n = 2128) from Stage 3 (2008-10) of the North West Adelaide Health Study (1999-2003, baseline n = 4056) to investigate the association between midlife parental body shape and four indicators of obesity and fat distribution. The analysis used measured body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR) and waist height ratio (WHtR) of adult offspring, together with pictograms for recall of parental body shape.

Health Estimates Using Survey Raked-Weighting Techniques in an Australian Population Health Surveillance System.

A challenge for population health surveillance systems using telephone methodologies is to maintain representative estimates as response rates decrease. Raked weighting, rather than conventional poststratification methodologies, has been developed to improve representativeness of estimates produced from telephone-based surveillance systems by incorporating a wider range of sociodemographic variables using an iterative proportional fitting process. This study examines this alternative weighting methodology with the monthly South Australian population health surveillance system report of randomly selected people of all ages in 2013 (n = 7,193) using computer-assisted telephone interviewing.

Effect of social mobility in family financial situation and housing tenure on mental health conditions among South Australian adults: results from a population health surveillance system, 2009 to 2011.

Background: To assess the association of socioeconomic position (SEP), measured by family financial situation and housing tenure in childhood and adulthood, with mental health conditions in adulthood.

Methods: Representative cross-sectional population data were collected using a risk factor surveillance system in South Australia, Australia. Each month, a random sample were selected from the Electronic White Pages.