Acceptability and Feasibility of Health Measures in Preteens: Findings From the ROLO Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study.

Introduction: Limited research has investigated young people's opinions on health measures that are used in clinical and research settings. This study aimed to describe young people's views on research methods utilised in a longitudinal birth cohort. It also aimed to explore the feasibility of (i) blood pressure and a fitness assessment as a substitute for blood biomarkers; (ii) foot length as a substitute for maternal-reported stage of puberty and (iii) neck and mid-upper arm circumference as a substitute for body composition analysis in preteens (9-11-year-olds).

Maternal adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet recommendations among pregnant women in Ireland and associations with offspring birth outcomes and childhood adiposity.

Background And Aims: Pregnancy is a critical period during which maternal diet may impact offspring growth and future health. The EAT-Lancet commission promotes a plant-based diet pattern for meeting environmental and health challenges. EAT-Lancet diet scores have been developed however, thus far they have not been examined in the context of maternal-child health.

Associations between ultra-processed food and drink consumption and biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation: exploring the mediating role of adiposity.

Purpose: Higher ultra-processed food and drink (UPFD) consumption has been linked with increased risk of non-communicable diseases. Low-grade systemic inflammation may partly underlie this relationship, yet limited research on UPFDs exists in this context. We examined UPFD associations with inflammatory biomarkers and explored whether relationships are mediated by adiposity.

Associations between placental parameters and childhood BMI trajectories from birth to nine years of age in the Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort.

Background: Understanding factors influencing childhood body mass index (BMI) trajectories is crucial for addressing early obesity origins. Placental measures, including placental weight (PW) and birthweight:placental weight (BW:PW) ratio, impact birth outcomes, but their long-term effects on postnatal growth trajectories remain unclear.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine associations between placental outcomes and offspring BMI growth over the first 9 y of life and to consider sex-specific and other potential factors affecting growth.

Healthy Lifestyle in the First 1000 Days and Overweight and Obesity Throughout Childhood.

Objectives: Investigate associations of different family healthy lifestyle scores (HLS) during the first 1000 days with childhood overweight and obesity (OWOB).

Methods: Cohort-specific analyses were conducted on participants (n = 25 006) from 4 European birth cohorts (The study on the pre- and early postnatal determinants of child health and development [EDEN], Elfe, France; Generation R, the Netherlands; and Lifeways, Ireland). Three composite HLSs were calculated: a maternal pregnancy HLS based on prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and diet quality, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption during pregnancy; a parental pregnancy HLS additionally considering paternal BMI and smoking status; and an infancy HLS based on breastfeeding duration, age of solid food introduction, and exposure to passive smoking.

Dietary inflammation and childhood adiposity: Analysis of individual participant data from six birth cohorts.

Background & Aims: Childhood adiposity and inflammation impact long-term health. However, associations between dietary inflammation and childhood adiposity are unclear. We investigated if more pro-inflammatory diets are associated with greater adiposity in early-, mid-, and late-childhood.

Associations between lifestyle and well-being in early and late pregnancy in women with overweight or obesity: Secondary analyses of the PEARS RCT.

Objectives: The associations between individual lifestyle behaviours and well-being are still poorly understood, particularly in the antenatal period when women are exposed to physiological changes and increased psychological distress. A healthy lifestyle score (HLS) comprising protective lifestyle behaviours may be useful for studying links between overall lifestyle and psychosocial outcomes. This study aimed to examine bidirectional associations between a HLS and its components and psychological well-being in pregnant women with overweight/obesity.

Why do preconception and pregnancy lifestyle interventions demonstrate limited success in preventing overweight and obesity in children? A scoping review investigating intervention complexity, process evaluation components, and author interpretations.

Preventing childhood obesity from early life is considered essential. However, evidence from recent systematic reviews has highlighted inconsistent results and limited effectiveness of preconception and pregnancy lifestyle interventions regarding offspring weight outcomes and adiposity. Therefore, to improve our understanding regarding the mixed success of these early life interventions, we conducted a scoping review examining intervention complexity, process evaluation components, and authors' statements.

Childhood Nutritional Factors and Cardiometabolic Outcomes at 9-11 y of Age: Findings from the ROLO Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study.

Background: Childhood represents a critical period of nutritional risk in the programming of later chronic disease. Few longitudinal studies have explored repeated measures of nutrition throughout the first decade of life in relation to preteen cardiometabolic outcomes.

Objectives: This research aimed to explore associations of early feeding practices (human milk exposure and duration and timing of introduction to solids) and childhood dietary quality and inflammatory scores (at 5 and 9-11 y and change during childhood) on preteen cardiometabolic outcomes.

Ultra-processed food and drink consumption and lipoprotein subclass profiles: A cross-sectional study of a middle-to older-aged population.

Background And Aims: Studies have consistently demonstrated associations between ultra-processed food and drink (UPFD) consumption and non-communicable diseases. However, there is a lack of data investigating relationships between UPFD intake and intermediate cardiometabolic disease markers. In this study we explored UPFD associations with lipoprotein subclasses.

Plant-based diet adherence is associated with metabolic health status in adults living with and without obesity.

Purpose: Metabolic health phenotypes exist across the body mass index spectrum. Diet may be an important modifiable risk factor, yet limited research exists on dietary patterns in this context. We investigated associations between dietary patterns, reflecting dietary quality, healthfulness and inflammatory potential, and metabolic health phenotypes in adults living with and without obesity.

Sociodemographic factor associations with maternal and placental outcomes: A cluster and partial least squares regression analysis.

Introduction: Maternal social disadvantage adversely affects maternal and offspring health, with limited research on placental outcomes. Therefore, we examined maternal sociodemographic factor associations with placental and birth outcomes in general (Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort) and at-risk (PEARS Study of mothers with overweight or obesity) populations of pregnant women.

Methods: TwoStep cluster analysis profiled Lifeways mothers (n = 250) based on their age, parity, marital status, household income, private healthcare insurance, homeowner status, and education.

Lifestyle factors and BMI attenuate relationships between biomarkers of inflammation and depressive symptoms and well-being: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Mental disorders are a growing public health concern and evidence has linked chronic low-grade inflammation with depression and well-being. Research also suggests that certain modifiable lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, diet quality and BMI are related to psychological health. These may modulate the relationship between low-grade inflammation and mental health conditions.

Associations between a paternal healthy lifestyle score and its individual components with childhood overweight and obesity.

Background: Maternal healthy lifestyle behaviors during pregnancy have been associated with reduced risk of offspring overweight and obesity (OWOB). However, there has been little investigation, in the context of the Paternal Origins of Health and Disease (POHaD) paradigm, of the potential influence of the paternal lifestyle on offspring OWOB.

Objectives: To describe paternal healthy lifestyle factors around pregnancy and investigate their associations, individually and combined, with offspring risk of OWOB during childhood.

Relationships between childhood adversity and inflammatory biomarkers in adulthood: A cross-sectional analysis of a middle-to older-aged population.

Background: Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has been linked with increased cardiometabolic risk in adulthood. Low-grade systemic inflammation may underlie this association. Thus far, however, there has been limited investigation of later life inflammatory biomarkers in the context of childhood adversity.

Anthropometric measures, predicted visceral adipose tissue and biomarkers of chronic inflammation.

Background: Evidence has linked low-grade systemic inflammation and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with development of chronic conditions. Cytokines and select proteins released by VAT may promote a low-grade inflammatory response. A number of equations have been developed to estimate VAT levels.

The impact of macrosomia on cardiometabolic health in preteens: findings from the ROLO longitudinal birth cohort study.

Background: Macrosomia (birthweight ≥ 4 kg or ≥ 4.5 kg) is strongly associated with a predisposition to childhood obesity, which in turn is linked with adverse cardiometabolic health. Despite this, there is a lack of longitudinal investigation on the impact of high birthweight on cardiometabolic outcomes in youth.

Plant-based dietary indices and biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation: a cross-sectional analysis of adults in Ireland.

Purpose: There is increasing interest in the health benefits of plant-based diets (PBDs). Evidence reports favourable associations with inflammatory profiles and reduced cardiovascular disease risk. However, limited studies have examined relationships between PBD indices (PDIs) and inflammatory biomarkers.

Plant-based diet indices and lipoprotein particle subclass profiles: A cross-sectional analysis of middle- to older-aged adults.

Background And Aims: Plant-based diets (PBDs) are associated with favourable lipid profiles and cardiometabolic outcomes. However, limited data regarding PBD indices (PDIs) and lipoprotein subclasses exist. We examined overall PDI, healthful PDI (hPDI) and unhealthful PDI (uPDI) associations with lipid and lipoprotein profiles.

Associations between the maternal healthy lifestyle score and its individual components during early pregnancy with placental outcomes.

Introduction: The influence of maternal lifestyle behaviours on placental growth have been investigated individually, but with conflicting results, and their combined effect is under-researched. Therefore, we examined associations between a composite maternal healthy lifestyle score (HLS), and its individual components, during early pregnancy with placental outcomes.

Methods: Participants included Lifeways Cross-Generational Cohort mother-child pairs (n = 202).

Impact of parental lifestyle patterns in the preconception and pregnancy periods on childhood obesity.

Introduction: High prevalence of overweight and obesity already observed in preschool children suggests the involvement of early-life risk factors. Preconception period and pregnancy are crucial windows for the implementation of child obesity prevention interventions with parental lifestyle factors as relevant targets. So far, most studies have evaluated their role separately, with only a few having investigated their potential synergistic effect on childhood obesity.

Socio-ecological predictors of dietary inflammatory scores and associations with childhood and adolescent adiposity: A protocol for a rapid scoping review of observational studies.

Introduction: Diet-related inflammation is associated with adiposity. Obesity and inflammation in early life may have adverse health outcomes in later life; however, the socio-ecological predictors of a pro-inflammatory diet in childhood and adolescence are not well understood. This rapid scoping review aims to summarise the current state of research from observational studies investigating socio-ecological predictors (childhood, parental, familial, demographic and chronobiological risk factors) and their association with diet-associated inflammation and adiposity in children and adolescents.

Association of adverse childhood experiences with lipid profiles and atherogenic risk indices in a middle-to-older aged population.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have been associated with poor later life health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Limited research investigating potential underlying biological mechanisms linking ACE to CVD exists, particularly regarding lipid biomarkers.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the associations between childhood adversity and unfavourable lipid profiles and derived atherogenic risk indices in a middle-to-older aged population.