The undercounting of Indigenous Māori imprisoned by the New Zealand carceral state: a national record study.

Background: Indigenous Māori are imprisoned on a mass scale by the nation-state currently known as New Zealand, driven by racialised inequities that occur across the criminal legal system and a rapidly expanding carceral state. Lack of reliable data limits the ability to monitor and evaluate the health and disability impacts of imprisonment on Māori. We examined ethnicity data quality; specifically, potential miscounting of Māori in prison.

Examining the impact of COVID-19 on Māori:non-Māori health inequities in Aotearoa, New Zealand: an observational study protocol.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had both direct and indirect impacts on the health of populations worldwide. While racial/ethnic health inequities in COVID-19 infection are now well known (and ongoing), knowledge about the impact of COVID-19 pandemic management on non-COVID-19-related outcomes for Indigenous peoples is less well understood. This article presents the study protocol for the Health Research Council of New Zealand funded project 'Mā te Mōhio ka Mārama: Impact of COVID-19 on Māori:non-Māori inequities'.

Support for and potential impacts of key Smokefree 2025 strategies among Māori who smoke.

Aim: The recently passed Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products (Smoked Tobacco) Amendment Act has the potential to profoundly reduce smoking prevalence and related health inequities experienced among Māori. This study examined support for, and potential impacts of, key measures included within the legislation.

Method: Data came from Wave 1 (2017-2019) of the Te Ara Auahi Kore longitudinal study, which was conducted in partnership with five primary health organisations serving Māori communities.

Equity of Cancer and Diabetes Co-Occurrence: A National Study With 44 Million Person-Years of Follow-Up.

Purpose: The co-occurrence of diabetes and cancer is becoming increasingly common, and this is likely to compound existing inequities in outcomes from both conditions within populations.

Methods: In this study, we investigate the co-occurrence of cancer and diabetes by ethnic groups in New Zealand. National-level diabetes and cancer data on nearly five million individuals over 44 million person-years were used to describe the rate of cancer in a national prevalent cohort of peoples with diabetes versus those without diabetes, by ethnic group (Māori, Pacific, South Asian, Other Asian, and European peoples).

He Kāinga Oranga: reflections on 25 years of measuring the improved health, wellbeing and sustainability of healthier housing.

This paper reflects on the influences and outcomes of He Kāinga Oranga/Housing and Health Research Programme over 25 years, and their impact on housing and health policy in Aotearoa and internationally. Working in partnership particularly with Māori and Pasifika communities, we have conducted randomised control trials which have shown the health and broad co-benefits of retrofitted insulation, heating and remediation of home hazards, which have underpinned government policy in the Warm Up NZ-Heat Smart programme and the Healthy Homes Standards for rental housing. These trials have been included as evidence in the WHO Housing and Health Guidelines and led to our designation as a WHO Collaborating Centre on Housing and Wellbeing.

We still don't count: the under-counting and under-representation of Māori in health and disability sector data.

Aim: To examine ethnicity data quality; in particular, the representation and potential under-counting of Māori in health and disability sector data, as well as implications for inequities.

Methods: Māori and non-Māori ethnicity data are analysed at: 1) a population aggregate level across multiple 2018 datasets (Estimated Resident Population, Census Usually Resident Population, Health Service User (HSU) population and Primary Health Organisation (PHO) enrolments); and 2) an individual level for those linked in PHO and 2018 Census datasets. Ethnicity is drawn from the National Health Index (NHI) in health datasets and variations by age and gender are explored.

Analysis of deprivation distribution in New Zealand by ethnicity, 1991-2013.

Aims: To compare the distribution of Māori and New Zealand (NZ) European populations in Aotearoa New Zealand by neighbourhood deprivation, for the five censuses between 1991 and 2013, and to identify changes in the distribution pattern over time.

Methods: Geographical meshblock data from the 1991-2013 New Zealand censuses, by NZDep Index deprivation score, and by prioritised ethnic group population, were combined to analyse ethnic population counts by deprivation decile and deprivation score. Trends over time were analysed.

Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study.

Background: People who enter and leave places of incarceration experience considerable health inequities and are at increased risk of premature death compared to the general population. Causes of premature death in this population vary markedly between countries and so country-specific information is needed. Additionally, there is a lack of large population-based studies which can disaggregate mortality risk based on person and incarceration factors.

A kia ora, a wave and a smile: an urban marae-led response to COVID-19, a case study in manaakitanga.

Background: When COVID-19 emerged, there were well-founded fears that Māori (indigenous peoples of Aotearoa (New Zealand)) would be disproportionately affected, both in terms of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 itself and through the impact of lock-down measures. A key way in which Kōkiri (a Māori health provider) responded was through the establishment of a pātaka kai (foodbank) that also provided a gateway to assess need and deliver other support services to whānau (in this case, client). Māori values were integral to this approach, with manaakitanga (kindness or providing care for others) at the heart of Kōkiri's actions.

Regional variation in post-operative mortality in New Zealand.

Background: There is a growing body of evidence that access to best practice perioperative care varies within our population. In this study, we use national-level data to begin to address gaps in our understanding of regional variation in post-operative outcomes within New Zealand.

Methods: Using National Collections data, we examined all inpatient procedures in New Zealand public hospitals between 2005 and 2017 (859 171 acute, 2 276 986 elective/waiting list), and identified deaths within 30 days.

How is family health history discussed in routine primary healthcare? A qualitative study of archived family doctor consultations.

Objectives: Family health history underpins genetic medicine. Our study aimed to explore language and patterns of communication relating to family health history observed in interactions between general practitioners (GPs) and their patients within routine primary care consultations.

Design: Secondary analysis of patient and GP routine consultation data (n=252).

Disparities in post-operative mortality between Māori and non-Indigenous ethnic groups in New Zealand.

Aim: To describe disparities in post-operative mortality experienced by Indigenous Māori compared to non-Indigenous New Zealanders.

Methods: We completed a national study of all those undergoing a surgical procedure between 2005 and 2017 in New Zealand. We examined 30-day and 90-day post-operative mortality for all surgical specialties and by common procedures.

He Tamariki Kokoti Tau: Tackling preterm incidence and outcomes of preterm births by ethnicity in Aotearoa New Zealand 2010-2014.

Objective: To explore preterm birth among Māori indigenous peoples through Kaupapa Māori research of preterm birth in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Methods: Linked maternity, mortality, and hospital data were analyzed for women and their infants born between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2014. Relative risks (RR) were calculated for each ethnic group for preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), and mortality.

When personal experience overlaps with study.

Background: Health professional education programmes increasingly seek to train a generation of clinicians who reflect the population they serve. However, teaching approaches in health professional education have not always kept pace with this drive, and some educators tend to assume a lack of overlap between students' life experience and aspects of the curriculum.

Method: In-depth interviews were conducted with 22 health professional students and graduates, who self-identified as having experienced a significant overlap between their personal life and their course of study.

Bowel cancer screening age range for Māori: what is all the fuss about?

The current New Zealand Bowel Screening Programme (BSP) is inequitable. At present, just over half of bowel cancers in Māori present before the age of 60 years (58% in females and 52% in males), whereas just under a third of bowel cancers in non-Māori are diagnosed before the same age (27% in females and 29% in males). The argument for extending the bowel screening age range down to 50 years for Māori is extremely simple-in comparison to non-Māori, a greater percentage of bowel cancers in Māori occur before the age of 60 years (when screening starts).

The most commonly diagnosed and most common causes of cancer death for Māori New Zealanders.

Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and avoidable mortality for Māori-and substantial disparities exist in cancer incidence, mortality and survival for Māori compared to non-Māori New Zealanders. In this viewpoint, we draw together cancer incidence, mortality and survival data from the previous decade, in order to provide clarity regarding the most important causes of cancer burden for Māori. Covering the decade 2007-2016, our manuscript directly leads on from the landmark Unequal Impact II report (which covered 1996-2006), and provides the most up-to-date record of this burden as is currently possible.

Gestational Age, Health, and Educational Outcomes in Adolescents.

Background And Objectives: As outcomes for extremely premature infants improve, up-to-date, large-scale studies are needed to provide accurate, contemporary information for clinicians, families, and policy makers. We used nationwide New Zealand data to explore the impact of gestational age on health and educational outcomes through to adolescence.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all births in New Zealand appearing in 2 independent national data sets at 23 weeks' gestation or more.

Testicular Cancer in New Zealand (TCNZ) study: protocol for a national case-control study.

Unlabelled: Testicular cancer (TC) is by far the most common cancer to affect young men; however, the exposures that cause this disease are still poorly understood. Our own research has shown that Māori men have the highest rates of this disease in New Zealand-a puzzling observation, since internationally TC is most commonly a disease of men of European ancestry. These trends provide us with a unique opportunity: to learn more about the currently unknown exposures that cause TC, and to explain why Māori have the highest rates of this disease in New Zealand.