Missing what's right under your nose: Failed appetitive and aversive audio-olfactory conditioning in humans.

The comparison of physiological mechanisms underlying appetitive and aversive conditioning is often challenging due to the involvement of stimuli from different modalities with potentially disparate effective mechanisms (e.g., pain stimuli versus monetary rewards).

Contingency awareness and fear conditioning: A comprehensive examination of associated factors.

A long-standing debate in the psychology of learning and memory is whether contingency awareness-explicit recognition of the relationship between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli-is a prerequisite for fear acquisition in humans. In an extensive participant pool ( = 895), we systematically investigated the impact of manipulating core experimental parameters and individual differences that may moderate contingency awareness. Key parameters included the presence of online expectancy or fear ratings, engagement in concurrent tasks, sensory modalities of conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli, and type of instruction.

Working memory processes and intrinsic motivation: An EEG study.

Processes typically encompassed by working memory (WM) include encoding, retention, and retrieval of information. Previous research has demonstrated that motivation can influence WM performance, although the specific WM processes affected by motivation are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of motivation on different WM processes, examining how task difficulty modulates these effects.

Predicting outcome in disorders of consciousness: A mega-analysis.

Objective: Assessing recovery potential in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) is pivotal for guiding clinical and ethical decisions. We conducted a mega-analysis of individual patient data to understand (1) if a time threshold exists, beyond which regaining consciousness is almost impossible, and (2) how recovery varies based on factors such as diagnosis, etiology, age, sex, and neuropsychological status.

Methods: A systematic literature search revealed a total of 3290 patients.