Understanding and manipulating morphogenetic processes to generate in vitro models of airways.

Branching morphogenesis, the process by which cells and tissues organize into complex branched tubular structures, is fundamental to the development of functional organs, including the respiratory airways in mammalian lungs. Advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving morphogenetic processes have enabled the development of sophisticated in vitro models that mimic the structure and function of airways. This review recapitulates developmental principles guiding airway morphogenesis, including the key signaling pathways, cellular interactions, and the different biochemical and mechanical cues.