The choroid plexus water density.

Purpose: To quantify normative ranges and circadian variability of the choroid plexus (ChP) water density in healthy adults.

Methods: Actigraphy assessments of circadian activity were performed for 5 days in healthy participants (n = 15; age = 28.5 ± 6.

Behavioral Effects of Stimulated Dopamine Release and D2-like Receptor Displacement in Parkinson's Patients with Impulse-Control Disorder.

Dysregulated dopamine (DA) release in the mesocorticolimbic circuit is noted in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with impulsive and compulsive behaviors (ICBs). However, the effect of acute DA release on mood, the localization of this process, and the phenotypic differences in patients with ICB remain unknown. We applied a placebo-controlled dextro-amphetamine (dAMPH) study in 20 PD patients: 10 with ICBs (PD-ICB) and 10 without (PD-C).

Electroencephalogram Electrode and Amplifier Temperature Changes During Routine Anatomical and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences at 3 Tesla.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences commonly used in simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG)-MRI studies include blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and anatomical T-weighted MRI. Safety and electrode heating profiles for these sequences have been well-characterized. However, recent improvements in EEG design may allow for additional sequences to be performed with similar expectations of heating safety, which would expand the EEG-MRI infrastructure for quantitative physiological studies.

Central Involvement in Pure Autonomic Failure: Insights from Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging and F-Fluorodopa-Positron Emission Tomography.

Background: Central synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), involve alpha-synuclein accumulation and dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC). Pure autonomic failure (PAF), a peripheral synucleinopathy, often precedes central synucleinopathies.

Objectives: To assess early brain involvement in PAF using neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI) and fluorodopa-positron emission tomography (FDOPA-PET), and to determine whether PAF patients with a high likelihood ratio (LR) for conversion to a central synucleinopathy exhibit reduced NM-MRI contrast in the LC and SN compared with controls and low-LR patients.

Cerebral Hemodynamic Responses to Disease-Modifying and Curative Sickle Cell Disease Therapies.

Background And Objectives: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hemoglobinopathy resulting in hemoglobin-S production, hemolytic anemia, and elevated stroke risk. Treatments include oral hydroxyurea, blood transfusions, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Our objective was to evaluate the neurologic relevance of these therapies by characterizing how treatment-induced changes in hemoglobin (Hb) affect brain health biomarkers.

Low-power scalable multilayer optoelectronic neural networks enabled with incoherent light.

Optical approaches have made great strides towards the goal of high-speed, energy-efficient computing necessary for modern deep learning and AI applications. Read-in and read-out of data, however, limit the overall performance of existing approaches. This study introduces a multilayer optoelectronic computing framework that alternates between optical and optoelectronic layers to implement matrix-vector multiplications and rectified linear functions, respectively.

Cerebral vascular shunting and oxygen metabolism in sickle cell disease.

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at elevated risk of silent cerebral infarcts and strokes; however, they frequently lack established stroke risk factors (eg, macrovascular arterial steno-occlusion) and the mechanisms underlying such events are incompletely characterized. This study evaluated cerebral hemometabolism with respect to imaging markers of vascular shunting in 143 participants with SCD, including 73 pediatric (aged 6-17 years) and 70 adult (aged 18-40 years) participants using 3-Tesla brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Vascular shunting was assessed in each patient using a previously published ordinal venous hyperintensity score (VHS) of 0, 1, or 2 on cerebral blood flow-weighted MRI.

Intravenous arachnoid granulation hypertrophy in patients with Parkinson disease.

Intravenous arachnoid granulations (AGs) are protrusions of the arachnoid membrane into the venous lumen and function as contributors to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow circuit. Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) often present with accumulation of alpha synuclein. Previous works have provided evidence for neurofluid circulation dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases associated with changes in CSF egress, which may have implications regarding AG morphology.

Detectability of white matter cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling MRI in patients with sickle cell disease: Relevance of flow territory, bolus arrival time and hematocrit.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic blood disorder, characterized by red cell hemolysis, anemia, and corresponding increased compensatory cerebral blood flow (CBF). SCD patients are at high risk for cerebral infarcts and CBF quantification is likely critical to assess infarct risk. Infarcts primarily localize to white matter (WM), yet arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI, the most common non-invasive CBF approach, has poor WM CBF sensitivity owing to low WM CBF and long WM bolus arrival time (BAT).

Improving Risk Prediction of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Machine Learning Methods With Network Features: Retrospective Development Study.

Background: Health care-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridioides difficile (CDI), place a significant burden on our health care infrastructure.

Objective: Screening for MDROs is an important mechanism for preventing spread but is resource intensive. The objective of this study was to develop automated tools that can predict colonization or infection risk using electronic health record (EHR) data, provide useful information to aid infection control, and guide empiric antibiotic coverage.

Reduced cerebrospinal fluid motion in patients with Parkinson's disease revealed by magnetic resonance imaging with low b-value diffusion weighted imaging.

Background: Parkinson's disease is characterized by dopamine-responsive symptoms as well as aggregation of α-synuclein protofibrils. New diagnostic methods assess α-synuclein aggregation characteristics from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and recent pathophysiologic mechanisms suggest that CSF circulation disruptions may precipitate α-synuclein retention. Here, diffusion-weighted MRI with low-to-intermediate diffusion-weightings was applied to test the hypothesis that CSF motion is reduced in Parkinson's disease relative to healthy participants.

Scalable Optical Nose Realized with a Chemiresistively Modulated Light-Emitter Array.

Biological olfaction relies on a large number of receptors that function as sensors to detect gaseous molecules. It is challenging to realize artificial olfactory systems that contain similarly large numbers of sensory materials. It is shown that combinatorial materials processing with vapor deposition can be used to fabricate large arrays of distinct chemiresistive sensing materials.

Deep learning segmentation of the choroid plexus from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): validation and normative ranges across the adult lifespan.

Background: The choroid plexus functions as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, plays an important role in CSF production and circulation, and has gained increased attention in light of the recent elucidation of CSF circulation dysfunction in neurodegenerative conditions. However, methods for routinely quantifying choroid plexus volume are suboptimal and require technical improvements and validation. Here, we propose three deep learning models that can segment the choroid plexus from commonly-acquired anatomical MRI data and report performance metrics and changes across the adult lifespan.

Deep learning segmentation of peri-sinus structures from structural magnetic resonance imaging: validation and normative ranges across the adult lifespan.

Background: Peri-sinus structures such as arachnoid granulations (AG) and the parasagittal dural (PSD) space have gained much recent attention as sites of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) egress and neuroimmune surveillance. Neurofluid circulation dysfunction may manifest as morphological changes in these structures, however, automated quantification of these structures is not possible and rather characterization often requires exogenous contrast agents and manual delineation.

Methods: We propose a deep learning architecture to automatically delineate the peri-sinus space (e.

Study protocol: phase II study to evaluate the effect of cetuximab monotherapy after immunotherapy with PD-1 inhibitors in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer.

Background: Immunotherapy with programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy, is the standard first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell cancer (R/M HNSCC). Unfortunately, there is no established second-line treatment for the many patients who fail immunotherapy. Cetuximab is the only targeted therapy approved in HNSCC but historically has a low response rate of 13%.

Cerebral hemodynamic changes after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplant in adults with sickle cell disease.

Preliminary evidence from a series of 4 adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) suggests that hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) improves cerebral hemodynamics. HSCT largely normalizes cerebral hemodynamics in children with SCD. We tested the hypothesis in adults with SCD that cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) measured using magnetic resonance imaging, normalized to healthy values, comparing measurements from ∼1 month before to 12 to 24 months after HSCT (n = 11; age, 33.

Accentuated Paralimbic and Reduced Mesolimbic D-Impulsivity Associations in Parkinson's Disease.

Impulsivity is a behavioral trait that is elevated in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD) patients can exhibit a specific pattern of reward-seeking impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs), as well as more subtle changes to generalized trait impulsivity. Prior studies in healthy controls (HCs) suggest that trait impulsivity is regulated by D autoreceptors in mesocorticolimbic circuits.

Deep learning segmentation of the choroid plexus from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): validation and normative ranges across the adult lifespan.

Background: The choroid plexus functions as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, plays an important role in neurofluid production and circulation, and has gained increased attention in light of the recent elucidation of neurofluid circulation dysfunction in neurodegenerative conditions. However, methods for routinely quantifying choroid plexus volume are suboptimal and require technical improvements and validation. Here, we propose three deep learning models that can segment the choroid plexus from commonly-acquired anatomical MRI data and report performance metrics and changes across the adult lifespan.

Increased microglia activation in late non-central nervous system cancer survivors links to chronic systemic symptomatology.

Prolonged inflammatory expression within the central nervous system (CNS) is recognized by the brain as a molecular signal of "sickness", that has knock-on effects to the blood-brain barrier, brain-spinal barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, neuro-axonal structures, neurotransmitter activity, synaptic plasticity, neuroendocrine function, and resultant systemic symptomatology. It is concurred that the inflammatory process associated with cancer and cancer treatments underline systemic symptoms present in a large portion of survivors, although this concept is largely theoretical from disparate and indirect evidence and/or clinical anecdotal reports. We conducted a proof-of-concept study to link for the first time late non-CNS cancer survivors presenting chronic systemic symptoms and the presence of centralized inflammation, or neuroinflammation, using TSPO-binding PET tracer [ C]-PBR28 to visualize microglial activation.

Reduced suprasellar cistern cerebrospinal fluid motion in patients with Parkinson's disease revealed by magnetic resonance imaging with dynamic cycling of diffusion weightings.

Background: Parkinson's disease is characterized by dopamine-responsive symptoms as well as aggregation and accumulation of a-synuclein protofibrils. New diagnostic methods assess a-synuclein aggregation characteristics from cerebrospinal fluid and recent pathophysiologic mechanisms suggest that cerebrospinal fluid circulation disruptions may precipitate a-synuclein retention. Here, we test the hypothesis that cerebrospinal fluid motion at the level of the suprasellar cistern is reduced in Parkinson's disease relative to healthy participants and this reduction relates to choroid plexus perfusion.

The Role of a Dopamine-Dependent Limbic-Motor Network in Sensory Motor Processing in Parkinson Disease.

Limbic and motor integration is enabled by a mesial temporal to motor cortex network. Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of dorsal striatal dopamine but relative preservation of mesolimbic dopamine early in disease, along with changes to motor action control. Here, we studied 47 patients with PD using the Simon conflict task and [18F]fallypride PET imaging.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow in Patients with Huntington's Disease.

Objective: Investigations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow aberrations in Huntington's disease (HD) are of growing interest, as impaired CSF flow may contribute to mutant Huntington retention and observed heterogeneous responsiveness to intrathecally administered therapies.

Method: We assessed net cerebral aqueduct CSF flow and velocity in 29 HD participants (17 premanifest and 12 manifest) and 51 age- and sex matched non-HD control participants using 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging methods. Regression models were applied to test hypotheses regarding: (i) net CSF flow and cohort, (ii) net CSF flow and disease severity (CAP-score), and (iii) CSF volume after correcting for age and sex.