Substrate screening for cutting propagation of emergent .

is an aquatic plant as an emergent and submerged species. By leveraging its unique ability to transition from emergent to submerged growth, it can rapidly establish submerged plant communities and thus holds strong potential for water ecological restoration. We used five different substrates for cutting propagation, namely yellow soil (T), paddy soil (T), river sand (T), river sediment (T), and a mixture of nutrient soil and river sand (T, in a volume ratio of 1:1), to investigate the growth responses of , focusing on variables including plant height, number of branches, biomass, root morphology, and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics.