A Scoping Review of Implementation Science in Planning and Delivering Tobacco Control Interventions in the United States from 2000 to 2020: Frameworks, Intervention Characteristics, and Health Equity Considerations.

Introduction: Evidence-based interventions to reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality are not widely or effectively implemented, thereby failing to equitably address disparities in tobacco-related health outcomes. Implementation science (IS) has the potential to advance the impact of tobacco control programs, but its use in this field has not been previously explored. To identify opportunities for expanding tobacco intervention impact, this scoping review investigated the use of IS tools in tobacco control research in the United States.

A Learning Collaborative to Improve Antibiotic Use for Otitis Media and Pharyngitis in Pediatric Urgent Care Clinics.

Objective: To increase the percentage of first-line antibiotics prescribed for acute otitis media (AOM) and pharyngitis, the percentage of treated pharyngitis with a positive group A streptococcus (GAS) test, and the percentage of nonsevere AOM patients prescribed delayed antibiotics in pediatric urgent care clinics (UCCs).

Methods: The American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Urgent Care Medicine and Pediatric Acute and Critical Care Quality Network developed a multicenter quality improvement collaborative. We used national guidelines to determine criteria for nonsevere AOM and first-line antibiotics for AOM and pharyngitis.

A machine learning approach to concussive group classification using discrete outcome measures from a low-cost movement-based assessment system.

Measurable neuromotor control deficits during functional task performance could provide objective criteria to aid in concussion diagnosis. However, many tools which measure these constructs are unidimensional and not clinically feasible. The purpose of this study was to assess the classification accuracy of a machine learning model using features measured by a clinically feasible movement-based assessment system (Mizzou Point-of-care Assessment System (MPASS) between athletes with and without concussion.

Early-Start vs. Late-Start Icodextrin for Children Receiving Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis: Findings from the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network.

Background: Experience with icodextrin use in children on long-term peritoneal dialysis is limited. We describe international icodextrin prescription practices and their impact on clinical outcomes: ultrafiltration, blood pressure control, residual kidney function (RKF), technique and patient survival.

Methods: We included patients under 21 years enrolled in the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network (IPPN) between 2007 and 2024, on automated PD with a daytime dwell.

Biomarkers of Exposure to Tobacco-Related Toxicants among Adult Nicotine Pouch Users.

Introduction: Nicotine pouches (NPs) are an emerging nicotine delivery system. Understanding nicotine and toxicant exposure among NP users compared with users of other tobacco products and non-users is critical for informing public health strategies.

Methods: Data (n = 4527) were drawn from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 7 (2022-2023).

Caregiving for Adults With Down Syndrome: Caregiver Experiences and Support Needs.

Background: Family caregivers of adults with Down syndrome often provide life-long caregiving support for their loved one. Long-term caregiving can impact caregivers' health and well-being, yet their experiences and support needs are underexplored.

Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with caregivers of adults with Down syndrome to understand their caregiving experiences and perceived caregiver support needs.

Prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression among healthcare workers in the Gaza strip.

The increased workload and constant fear for life can cause significant stress and depression among healthcare workers (HCWs). The aim of this study was to measure psychological stress, depression, and their causes in HCWs who practiced in the Gaza strip since the 2023 Israel-Gaza war. We conducted a cross-sectional survey between April 2024 and January 2025 for Palestinian and international HCWs who practiced in the Gaza strip after October 7, 2023.

Electrical impedance myography captures features of muscle structure measured by MRI and transcriptomic analysis in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

Background: Electrical impedance myography (EIM) has been proposed as an efficient, non-invasive biomarker of muscle composition in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD).

Objective: We investigate whether EIM parameters are associated with muscle structure measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), muscle histology, and transcriptomic analysis as well as strength at the individual leg muscle level.

Methods: We performed a multi-center cross-sectional study enrolling 33 patients with FSHD.

Tagraxofusp, a CD123-targeted therapy, for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: final results of a phase 1/2 study.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an aggressive hematologic neoplasm characterized by an expansion of CD123 monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). pDC bone marrow clusters in CMML have been associated with higher rates of acute myeloid leukemia transformation. We evaluated tagraxofusp, a CD123-targeted therapy, in a phase 1/2 trial for patients with CMML.

Advancing outcome measure development and analytical approaches: Pain in Animals Workshop 2023.

Annually, millions of humans and animals suffer from chronic and acute pain, creating welfare and quality of life concerns for both humans and animals who suffer this pain. In developing new therapeutic approaches, the challenge is to accurately measure this pain to ascertain the efficacy of novel therapeutics. Additionally, there is a need to develop new and effective analgesic options that may offer alternatives to using opioids that contribute to the opioid epidemic.

Reconstructing patient level survival data from published Kaplan-Meier curves.

Introduction: Individual-level patient data (IPD) are helpful for designing clinical trials, conducting meta-analyses, or methodology research. However, such patient level data are not readily available. Multiple methods have been developed for reconstructing survival data using published Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curves.

Impact of mode of delivery on maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant patients with heart failure or pulmonary hypertension.

Background: Data on outcomes associated with various modes of delivery in pregnant patients with heart failure (HF) or pulmonary hypertension (pHTN) are limited.

Objective: We aim to investigate the association between mode of delivery on maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant patients with HF or pHTN by conducting a multicenter, large scale and nationwide retrospective cohort study.

Methods: This retrospective population-based cohort study used the Nationwide Readmission Database to identify all hospitalized pregnant patients who were primarily admitted for vaginal or cesarean delivery from 2011 to 2019.

Ectopic adipose tissue in subsistence populations with minimal coronary disease, large left atria, and very low rates of atrial fibrillation.

Background: Greater deposits of epicardial adipose tissue are associated with atrial fibrillation and coronary disease, but have not been studied in subsistence populations.

Methods: We performed CT imaging to measure coronary artery and thoracic aortic calcium (CAC, TAC), epicardial fat thickness (EFT), liver density, and left atrial (LA) anteroposterior diameter and, using a deep learning-enabled software program, epicardial and thoracic fat volume (EFV, TFV), in two remote Amerindian subsistence populations with minimal coronary artery calcification and virtually no atrial fibrillation. We compared 893 adult Tsimane (mean age 58.

Inhibitor development and clinical characteristics in children with severe hemophilia A in the ATHN 8 US cohort study.

Clotting factor concentrate (CFC), used to treat and prevent bleeding in hemophilia, is rendered ineffective if clotting factor neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) develop. Inhibitors occur most often in children, early in treatment. The American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network (ATHN) 8: US Cohort Study of Previously Untreated Patients (PUPs) with Congenital Hemophilia, conducted in children born in 2010 to 2020 with severe or moderate hemophilia, was designed to determine the percentage of participants who developed a confirmed, clinically significant inhibitor within the first 50 CFC exposure days (EDs).

Pragmatic Comparative Effectiveness Trials in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A Multiperspective Qualitative Study.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) portends a devastating prognosis for patients, with survival typically being < 5 to 8 years after diagnosis. Limited clinical trial data exist to guide treatment strategies, and the efficacy of current strategies-immunomodulation and antifibrotics-remains uncertain. Large randomized controlled trials are costly, but pragmatic trial designs could reduce expenses.

Preliminary investigation of obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease in down syndrome.

This study provided a preliminary examination of indices of obstructive sleep apsnea (OSA) and sleep disruptions in adults with Down syndrome (DS), and their associations with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and symptomatology. A total of 93 adults with DS (aged 25-61 years) from the Alzheimer Biomarker Consortium-DS completed cognitive assessments, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) scans (assessing amyloid-beta [Aβ] and tau), and a one-night home sleep study using the WatchPAT-300 device. Study partners also reported on depressive symptoms and diagnoses.

Characterizing the recurrence of atrial arrhythmia following macro-reentrant atrial tachycardia ablation in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.

Background: The recurrence of arrhythmia following catheter ablation of macro-reentrant atrial tachycardia (MRAT) in repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) is poorly understood.

Objective: To better describe the incidence, mechanisms, and predictors of recurrent atrial arrhythmia following MRAT ablation in rTOF.

Methods: Patients with rTOF ≥18 years of age who underwent radiofrequency ablation for MRAT (typical/cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter, incisional/scar-mediated MRAT, upper and lower-loop reentry, or left atrial MRAT) at Duke University Hospital from 1996 to 2023 were identified.

The Impact of Medical Cannabis Laws on Cannabis and Opioid Use Disorder Treatment and Overdose-Related Health Care Utilization Among Adults With Chronic Noncancer Pain.

Unlabelled: Policy Points Among patients with chronic noncancer pain, state medical cannabis laws did not impact health care use for opioid use disorder. There were no changes in health care use for opioid overdose attributable to medical cannabis laws. Medical cannabis laws do not appear to lead to reductions in adverse opioid-related outcomes.

Contemporary Characteristics and Outcomes of Pediatric Oncology Patients Participating in Early Phase Clinical Trials.

Background: Phase 1 or phase 1/2 trials are a first step in pediatric cancer drug development. Currently, there is a paucity of information regarding contemporary outcomes for pediatric patients enrolled in these trials. We describe characteristics and outcomes of patients enrolled in pediatric phase 1 clinical trials over a 9-year period at a single institution.

Equivalency Between the Generalized Bivariate Bernoulli Model Dependency Test and a Logistic Regression Model With Interaction Effects.

Background: Binary endpoints measured at two timepoints-such as pre- and post-treatment-are common in biomedical and healthcare research. The Generalized Bivariate Bernoulli Model (GBBM) provides a specialized framework for analyzing such bivariate binary data, allowing for formal tests of covariate-dependent associations conditional on baseline outcomes. Despite its potential utility, the GBBM remains underutilized due to the lack of direct implementation in standard statistical software.

Retrospective analysis of discharge antibiotic selection and 30-day readmission rate for community acquired pneumonia.

Purpose: This study evaluates 30-day community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) readmission rates dependent on discharge antibiotic selection.

Patients And Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center, observational study of patients discharged with a diagnosis of CAP from July 1st, 2022 through June 30th, 2023. Patients included those empirically treated with ceftriaxone plus azithromycin and with documentation of discharge antibiotics.