Pear scab resistance gene Rvn1 from Ussurian pear is located in a cluster of receptor-like protein ethylene-inducing Xylanase (EIX) genes.

Background: Pear scab, caused by Venturia nashicola, is one of the most serious diseases affecting Asian pear (Pyrus spp.) production. While single-gene resistance has been used in breeding, it is often overcome by evolving pathogens.

Regulation of ethyl ester synthesis in two apple () cultivars: Insights from integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses.

Although ethyl esters are known to accumulate under hypoxic conditions, their biosynthetic regulation during senescence under aerobic conditions remains unclear. We hypothesized that ethylene could play a pivotal role in the ethyl ester synthesis under aerobic conditions. We conducted an integrated analysis of metabolite and transcript profiles over time using 'Orin' and 'Shinano Gold' apples, both with and without 1-MCP treatment.

Development of a fruit size estimation method using Mask RCNN for water stress estimation in Satsuma mandarin trees.

Satsuma mandarins can produce high-sugar fruits through effective water stress management during the summer and fall seasons. Estimating water stress is crucial as it allows for precise irrigation management, directly impacting fruit quality and yield. In recent years, the development of automatic irrigation technology has increased the demand for methods to obtain digital data on water stress and related data.

Estimating Leaf CO Assimilation in C Plants Using a Handheld Porometer With Chlorophyll Fluorometer in Field Conditions.

Gas exchange measurement is the gold standard method for determining leaf CO assimilation rate (A). However, conventional systems for measuring A often require time and/or effort to collect numerous samples in the field owing to their high weight and large size. Here, we present an efficient and convenient method for estimating A using a handheld porometer with a chlorophyll fluorometer, facilitating on-the-go assessment of A in the field.

Effect of Ammonium:Nitrate Application Ratios on Growth and Nitrogen Metabolism of Tea Plants ( L.).

Tea plants ( L.) use ammonium and nitrate as the main sources of nitrogen (N), but they respond differently to these two compounds. In this study, we investigated the effect of the ammonium:nitrate ratio on tea plant growth as well as N uptake and metabolism.

Pathogenesis of pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus and its transmissibility by an Eriophyid mite species.

Pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus (PCLSaV) is fimovirus infecting Asian and European pears that is endemic to China and Japan. Disease symptoms, including chlorotic leaf spot (CLS), leaf necrosis, and bark necrosis can be observed on PCLSaV-infected pear trees, and can result in considerable loss of quality and yield. However, the causal relationship between these symptoms and PCLSaV infection remain poorly understood.

Genome editing in cells of apple cultivar 'Fuji' using geminivirus-derived replicons for transient expression of CRISPR/Cas9 components.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has been used for genome editing in various fruit trees, including apple ( × ). In previous studies, transfer DNA (T-DNA) expressing genome editing tools, Cas9 (SpCas9) and single guide RNA (sgRNA), was stably integrated into the apple genome via -mediated transformation. However, due to self-incompatibility, long generation period, and the high heterozygosity of apple, removing only the integrated T-DNA from the apple genome by crossbreeding while maintaining the introduced varietal trait is difficult.

Influence of long-branch bias on phylogenetic analysis.

In phylogenetic analysis, long-branch attraction (LBA) occurs when two distantly related species with longer branches are mistakenly grouped as the most closely related species. Previous research addressing this issue has focused on phylogenetic trees with four operational taxonomic units and three topologies, using two models: the Felsenstein model tree, which has two long branches that are not closely related, and the Farris tree, which has two long branches that are most closely related. For the Felsenstein model, the maximum parsimony method is more prone to estimating incorrect tree shapes compared to the maximum likelihood (ML) method, whereas in the Farris model, the opposite tendency is observed.

Does the genome of encode a rich carbohydrate-active enzyme gene repertoire?

The lifestyles of the order Geoglossales (Geoglossomycetes, Ascomycota) remain largely unknown. Recent observations support ericoid mycorrhizal lifestyles, especially in cultured -related species. However, the currently known genomes of geoglossoid fungi encode fewer carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in Pezizomycotina, in contrast to the abundant CAZyme repertoires found in well-known ericoid mycorrhizal fungi.

Photoperiodic flowering and AFT/FTL3 gene expression in flowering-time varieties in chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is a short-day plant, and flowering is stimulated when the photoperiod is shorter than a variety-specific threshold (critical day length). In Japan, summer-to-autumn-flowering cultivars (SA-cvs.

Precise Base Substitution Using CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Base Editor in Rice.

Base editors, CRISPR/Cas-based precise genome editing tools, enable base conversion at a target site without inducing DNA double-strand breaks. The genome editing targetable range is restricted by the requirement for protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence. Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9)-most widely used for genome editing in many organisms-requires an NGG sequence adjacent to the target site as a PAM.

Alternative splicing and deletion in S-RNase confer stylar-part self-compatibility in the apple cultivar 'Vered'.

Although self-incompatibility in apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is regulated by a single S-locus with multiple S-haplotypes that comprise pistil S (S-RNase) and pollen S genes, it is not desirable in commercial orchards because it requires cross-pollination to achieve stable fruit production. Therefore, it is important to identify and characterize self-compatible apple cultivars.

Propagation path of a flowering cherry (Cerasus × yedoensis) cultivar 'Somei-Yoshino' traced by somatic mutations.

In the long history of human relations with flowering cherry trees in Japan, 'Somei-Yoshino' occupies an exceptional position among a variety of flowering trees: it is a self-incompatible interspecific hybrid but has been enthusiastically planted by grafting throughout Japan, due most likely to its flamboyant appearance upon full bloom. Thus, 'Somei-Yoshino' gives us a rare opportunity to trace and investigate the occurrence and distribution of somatic mutations within a single plant species through analysis of the genomes of the clonally propagated trees grown under a variety of geographical and artificial environments. In the studies presented here, a total of 46 samples of 'Somei-Yoshino' trees were collected and their genomes were analysed.

Influence of steaming duration, chlorophyll-a and -b content and ratio, and pH on the color of green tea processed from multiple tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivars.

Background: The color of green tea is an important quality indicator. In recent years, shading of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants has been widely adopted for green tea production to enhance its green color and umami taste.

Genomic prediction and genome-wide association study using combined genotypic data from different genotyping systems: application to apple fruit quality traits.

With advances in next-generation sequencing technologies, various marker genotyping systems have been developed for genomics-based approaches such as genomic selection (GS) and genome-wide association study (GWAS). As new genotyping platforms are developed, data from different genotyping platforms must be combined. However, the potential use of combined data for GS and GWAS has not yet been clarified.

Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly and Characterization of Top-Quality Japanese Green Tea Cultivar 'Seimei'.

Japanese green tea, an essential beverage in Japanese culture, is characterized by the initial steaming of freshly harvested leaves during production. This process efficiently inactivates endogenous enzymes such as polyphenol oxidases, resulting in the production of sencha, gyokuro and matcha that preserves the vibrant green color of young leaves. Although genome sequences of several tea cultivars and germplasms have been published, no reference genome sequences are available for Japanese green tea cultivars.

Corrigendum: Allelic haplotype combinations at the region, including P-class pentatricopeptide repeat family genes, influence wide phenotypic variation in pollen grain number through a cytoplasmic male sterility model in citrus.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.

Improvement of Broad-Spectrum Disease-Resistant Rice by the Overexpression of via a Moderate-Strength Constitutive Promoter and a Pathogen-Inducible Promoter.

Conferring crops with resistance to multiple diseases is crucial for stable food production. Genetic engineering is an effective means of achieving this. The rice receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BSR1 mediates microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced immunity.

Diversity of flavour characteristics of table grapes and their contributing volatile compounds analysed by the solvent-assisted flavour evaporation method.

To identify the compounds that contribute to the diverse flavours of table grapes, the flavours and volatile compounds of 38 grape cultivars harvested over 3 years are evaluated through sensory analysis and solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE). The cultivars are characterized and grouped into seven clusters by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) using sensory evaluation data with a flavour wheel specific to table grapes. These clusters were similar to conventional flavour classifications, except that the foxy and neutral cultivars form multiple clusters, highlighting the flavour diversity of table grapes.

A self-compatible pear mutant derived from γ-irradiated pollen carries an 11-Mb duplication in chromosome 17.

Self-compatibility is a highly desirable trait for pear breeding programs. Our breeding program previously developed a novel self-compatible pollen-part Japanese pear mutant ( Nakai), '415-1', by using γ-irradiated pollen. '415-1' carries the -genotype , with "" indicating a duplication of responsible for breakdown of self-incompatibility.

Stem water potential estimation from images using a field noise-robust deep regression-based approach in peach trees.

Field-grown peach trees are large and have a complex branch structure; therefore, detection of water deficit stress from images is challenging. We obtained large datasets of images of field-grown peach trees with continuous values of stem water potential (Ψstem) through partial secession treatment of the base of branches to change the water status of the branches. The total number of images as frames extracted from videos of branches was 23,181, 6743, and 10,752, in the training, validation, and test datasets, respectively.

A cryptic root isolate belonging to Geoglossales from potted Rhododendron: its molecular phylogeny and ability to colonize an ericoid mycorrhizal host in vitro.

Although the lifestyle of Geoglossales remains largely unknown, recent advancements have established a hypothesis regarding the ericoid mycorrhizal lifestyle of geoglossoid fungi. In this study, we focused on one isolate of Geoglossales sp. obtained from surface-sterilized roots of potted Rhododendron transiens.